Human Resource Management in Business Context - 1884 Words

â€Å"Performance bonuses offer a win-win gain to both organisations and employees. Discuss, making reference to both theory and case examples† Introduction Is performance related pay (PRP) really a motivator for employees and is it an effective way for organisations to gain and retain high performing staff. This is questionable especially as organisations differ in size, organisational culture (therefore differing needs), the ability and/or resources to manage an effective process to support PRP. This study will explore whether performance bonuses offer a win-win for both the organisation and the employees, using primarily the public sector, with reference to the private sector. â€Å"PRP was the ‘big idea’ of the1980s, embraced†¦show more content†¦Intangible services are much harder to quantify. Performance Management Cycle Key performance indicators (KPIs) are formed as part of the performance and appraisal process to measure the output of an individual. The performance appraisal allows a comparison to be made of the actual performance against expected performance (KPIs), which is linked to feedback and whether the individual has warranted a reward. However, there are many potential problems with the performance appraisal system. The process can become a bureaucratic process with managers seeing it as a tick-box exercise to be completed once a year. There could be a lack of understanding of the objectives by the employee, or the organisation may not have a clear strategy and furthermore the process is subjective and open to human bias. It is also very difficult to quantify individual performance such as intangible elements, as mentioned earlier. So it could be argued that the process is not very transparent. To overcome this, Beer et al. introduced the Harvard Model (Gilmore. S, 2009, p.9) which takes into account a wider range of stakeholders interests to provide an input into the appraisal process which allows the reduction of a bias opinion of just one person. It is stated as reduction, as the process is still subjective and open to a range of perceptual errors althoughShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management in Business Context1189 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Human resource management or mostly named simply as HRM is a strategic method thoroughly thought out for managing industrial relations which accentuate the fact that workforce efficiency and commitment are the key factors in achieving constant competitive advantage or high quality work performance. This is accomplished through a peculiar set of integrated employment policies, programmes and practices intruded in an organisational and social context (Bratton and Gold, 2012). The new HRM model isRead MoreThe Long Term Performanc e Of A Company1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Greek terms Stratos (army) and agein (lead). In the managerial context, and in today s meaning, that word has replaced the more traditional term long-term planning, to denote a specific pattern of decisions and actions taken by the highest level of the organization to achieve the performance targets. In this context, the strategic management is defined, therefore, as that set of decisions and actions taken by management to assess the long term performance of a company. The world of organizationsRead MoreMultinational Corporations Based On International Business Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategies. As these issues of differentiation and integration are often facilitated by HRM activities, they represent a critical component in the IHRM. An example of this dual focus is found in most multinational corporations based on international business, which tend to assign primary responsibility to their subsidiaries for local compensation and benefits, training and labour relations, with regional units assuming secondary responsibility (Reynolds 1992). Productive globalization occurred with theRead MoreWhy Is Consideration of the Social and Economic Context Necessary for Understanding Work and Learning in Canada934 Words   |  4 Pageseducation, learning, training and work. In this essay, I will provide examples of why social and economic context must be considered when understanding work and learning. I will also examine assumptions frequently made by Human Resources Management (HRM) and their perspective on the purpose and outcomes of learning and the critiques that challenge these perspectives. Understanding the social context for work and learning contains many variables. Life experiences, level of education, age, ethnicity andRead MoreImportance Of Small And Medium Enterprises Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagesadoptions proves its high impact on our life be it economical, social, professional or even if personal. Because IT offers innumerous number of benefits, it is very important to adapt IT in every fields specially Small and Medium Business(SMB). Small Business and mid-size business plays vital role in the progress of country. These small and Medium Enterprises (SME) gives significant contribution to economical growth and sound support for country s economy. And IT specially Internet is having high impactRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Development Framework1614 Words   |  7 Pagesof the different frameworks/models proposed by different researchers and eventually propose a framework of choice which will help leaders to better manage their Human Capital (HC) and un derstand how to incorporate HR policies into everyday decision making and long term planning. First we start by defining Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). We then look into what purpose it serves in an organisation. Then we look into the different models of SHRM how these models compare with each other. LiteratureRead MoreThe Influence of a Companys Leadership and Culture on Its Business Ethics1541 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the ways in which a companys leadership and culture influence its business ethics Definition of Organizational Culture Organizational culture refers to the values and behaviors essential in the contribution or development of unique social and psychological environment with reference to an organization. This is an indication that organizational culture is inclusive of the expectations, philosophy, values, and experiences that focus on holding an organization together with the aim of enhancingRead MoreThe Hidden Talent Of Talent Management1339 Words   |  6 Pagesidentified. Talent management is a systematic attraction, identification, development, engagement/retention and deployment of those individuals with high potential who are of particular value to an organization. This study is endeavour to identify the hidden talent of the Information Technology employees. The primary data has been collected through questionaries’. Key words: Employees, Information Technology organizations Talent, Talent Management. INTRODUCTION The process of talent management is indispensableRead MoreExamples of Ihrm and Domestic Hrm Essay841 Words   |  4 Pagesmultinational ventures stem from a lack of understanding of the essential differences in managing human resources in foreign environments (Desatnick Bennett 1978). The world has become more globalized, competitive, dynamic and uncertain than ever before. As more and more firms operate internationally, the search for the elements of global competitive advantage is a prominent theme in the management literature (Dickman Mà ¼ller-Camen, 2006: 580). There is a clear need to develop an understandingRead MoreSocial Relations And Human Resource Management1223 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation and experience base), overall context (cultural, socio-economic, political etc.) has a significant impact on labor relations and human resource management (HRM). â€Å"The human resource function matters more than its practitioners tend to think. Human resources is a crucial point of intersection between the broader society and business† (Capelli Yang, 2010, p.1). The impact of societal issues such as unemployment, poverty, inequality and lack of human development on labor relations and

The Swedish Model A Feminist Model - 957 Words

The Swedish model came about in 1999 when their government formed an official policy based upon a philosophical belief. According to the Swedish government, voluntary prostitution does not exist. It is a viewpoint which essentially presumes that there is no such thing as freewill and therefore every act of prostitution is automatically an act of violence against women. As a result, Sweden decided that prostitutes shouldn’t face criminal penalties and all of the penalties for prostitution are applied to the men who purchase sex. They face a fine of $1,000 to $2,000 and possibly six months in jail. The Swedish model has certainly reduced the visibility of street prostitution for obvious reasons. Although, a report in 2007 by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare found that it was impossible to draw any conclusions about the overall level of prostitution in Sweden, thus the industry most likely has simply transitioned underground. Therefore, the Swedish model needs to be recognized for what it is -- a more effective prohibition model, rather than what it is not -- a truly feminist model. Certain Swedish officials have trailblazed an effort to export their â€Å"end demand† model worldwide, including Gunilla Ekberg, the former Swedish government special adviser on prostitution and trafficking. She has openly acknowledged that part of her job was to travel internationally to influence other countries to copy their model. Their government essentially labeled theirShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Sex Work1715 Words   |  7 Pagesinstead of the term prostitution as it carries a lot of social stigma. As Sampson reflects in his work, the possible options available for reform in prostitution law in Canada in the aftermath of the Bedford case, I will further analyze the competing models proposed and reflected upon Sampson’s proposals for change and whether I agree with these approaches. Firstly, it is important to know the history and background of prostitution in Canada. Before the Bedford challenge, sex work in Canada was actuallyRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Principles Over People : Abolitionist Feminism And Human Trafficking1656 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism and Human Trafficking In the paper, â€Å"Principles over People†, the author seeks to persuade the reader to think critically about the abolitionist feminism as it relates to human trafficking and prostitution. The author believes the abolitionist feminist movement further perpetuates the very principles they argue against. He believes the abolitionists’ stance that all prostitution is forced and a form of human trafficking removes a woman’s right to choose what she does with her body. He further believesRead MoreThe Need for Diversity in the Fashion Industry1402 Words   |  6 PagesFashion models don’t need to be thin, they need to be diverse and healthy at whatever weight that is. Not everyone is supposed to be thin, some women are big boned and curvy, others are naturally slim and small boned, some are tall, others are short, some are light skinned and others are darker. So many diverse looks exist in the world today and the fashion industry need to change their perceptio n of perfect. Body image in our society is out of control. We have young men and women comparing themselvesRead MoreGender Inequality in Italy and Sweden Essay3321 Words   |  14 Pagesconstraints that shape economic, political, and social interaction†, have a significant influence on gender inequality. After thorough research, it is apparent that Swedish institutions, rather than Italian institutions, have emphasized a more gender-egalitarian environment based on equal opportunities and rights for both men and women. The Swedish government has shown much more support for gender parity through an extensive welfare system and other legal policies aimed at balancing work and family lifeRead MoreWomen As An Adult Female Person868 Words   |  4 Pagesonly prudence.’† Though women were constantly critiqued about minuscule aspects in the theater, it did not stop them from aspiring to become great artists. Women such as Jenny Lind, an opera singer who later became kn own as the â€Å"Swedish Nightingale† was also the role model of Clara Louise Kellogg. Clara Louise Kellogg, who was musically nurtured at a young age, later became an amazing vocalist and actress. Another amazing musician was Camilla Urso, who encouraged young women to become professionalRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalizing Sex Work2819 Words   |  12 Pagessaves the government millions of dollars- money that can be utilized to fight sex trafficking and child exploitation. We will examine the links between the US Government and trafficking statistics, and the assertions made by strange bedfellows, the Feminist abolitionists and Right Wing moral crusaders who have combined both trafficking and prostitution before Congress and in media. Fighting sex trafficking and the prohibition of consensual prostitution with draconian laws have become the renewed WhiteRead MoreA New Understanding Of Sexuality1813 Words   |  8 PagesIn studying sexuality Reiss spent several months living i n Sweden where he compared this culture to our own and formed a new understanding of teenage sexuality. The Swedish view sexual experiences during the teen years as a natural expected occurrence, thus they are a society that choses to prepare their children rather than leave them in the dark. Sexual education in Sweden occurs as early as preschool and the goal of these programs are to instill a comprehensive knowledge and appreciation of variousRead MoreThe Seven Dimensions Of Culture1746 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy conducted between 1963 and 1973, Geert Hofstede sampled nearly 120000 employees and compared over 40 countries and cultures within IBM. He then created a database of employee values scores and analysed these, resulting in the creation of the model to compare cultures. It started off as four dimensions, adding a fifth in 1991 by Minkov and was further extended in 2010 (Minkov and Hofstede, 2011) He created four main dimensions of power distance, individualism versus colle ctivism, uncertaintyRead MoreA Brief Note On Bill C 36 And Its Effects On Women And Girls1788 Words   |  8 PagesDepartment of Justice s Technical Paper, this paradigm shift operates under the view of prostitution as a form of sexual exploitation that negatively and disproportionately impacts on women and girls. The new law is referred to as â€Å"made-in-Canada† model which makes prostitution per se not illegal, but â€Å"directly targets the demand† for prostitution (Department of Justice Canada, 2014). Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada Peter MacKay said, â€Å"for the first time, the purchase of sexualRead MoreLegalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution1612 Words   |  7 Pagesactivists and organizations believe the issue of sex worker human rights is of greatest importance, including those related to freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, parenthood, insurance, health insurance, and housing. Some feminist organizations are opposed to prostitution, considering it a form of exploitation in which males dominate women, and as a practice that is the result of a patriarchal social order. For example, the European Women s Lobby, which bills itself as the

Sammanfattning Essay Example For Students

Sammanfattning: Essay Den 6 september kte halva klass NV2H till Bjursjn och andra halvan till Molln. Vi fick i uppdrag att ta reda p om Bjursjn r nringsfattig eller nringsrik. Med hjlp av floror, lrare och olika mtinstrument skulle vi komma fram till ett svar. Med gott samarbete och med hjlp av de kunskaper vi redan kunde sedan lektionerna s har vi utfrt olika experiment fr att kunna backa upp vra resultat. Dagen erbjd klart solsken. Djurliv och vxtliv bde p land och i vattnet undersktes. Innehllsfrteckning:1 Titelsida Bjursj rapport12 Sammanfattning23 Innehllsfrteckning34 Inledning45 Syfte52 Tillvgagngsstt/Metod42:1verblick ver exkursionsomrdet42:2Underskning av strandens vxter42:3Insamling av djur42:4Plankton42:5Fastsittande alger42:6Siktdjup, frg och djup42:7Vattenprover42:8Vattentemperatur43.Resultat53.1 verblick53.2 Strandens vxter53.3 Djurliv53.4 Plankton och fastsittande alger53.5 Vattnets egenskaper64. Diskussion och slutsats65. Kllfrteckning6Inledning:Vi fick i uppdrag att gra mtningar och olika underskningar av Bjursjn med nrliggande omrde. Frgan r p vilket stt som sjn pverkar oss i Uddevalla. Bjursjn har ju alltid varit en tillflykt fr dem som inte gillar saltvatten p somrarna. Syfte:Vi skulle bestmma om Bjursjn r en nringsrik eller nringsfattig sj. Genom att mta och granska omgivningen s skulle vi kunna definiera sjns nringsinnehll och dess produktivitet mm. Hr r de olika uppgifterna:verblick ver exkursionsomrdet med kartaUnderskning av strandens vxter jmfrelse mellan tv provrutor nra strandkantenInsamling av djur vanlighet av djur och frekomstPlankton frekomst av olika planktonFastsittande alger frekomst av olika algerSiktdjup och frg genom skinlighet och kulrDjupfrhllanden med hjlp av lodVattenprover med Rutnerhmtare Vattenanalyser i flt analyserVatten analyser i skolan mer noggranna underskningarVattentemperatur anvndning av vattentermistorTillvgagngsstt/Metod:3:1 verblick av exkursionsomrdet Vran frsta uppgift var att f ett helhetsintryck av Bjursjn. Vi v alde ut en plats dr vi kunde se strre delen av sjn och utgick drifrn med att notera omgivningen. 3:2 Strandvxter Hr underskte vi tv rutor, vardera p 1m2, placerade 2 respektive 4 meter frn vattnets kant. Vi artbestmde vxterna och angav hur vitt frekommande de var. Se p kartan (bilaga) var proverna togs. 3:3 DjurartrikedomFr att f en uppfattning om vilka djur som r vanliga i Bjursjn gjorde vi en djurinsamling. Djuren samlades in lngs stranden, p vxter, i och p vattnet, under stenar, i sedimentet m.m. 3:4 PlanktonVi tog tv planktonprov, ett uppe vid ytan och ett vid botten. Bda tagna vid den lilla bryggan (se markering p kartan). Proven undersktes senare med stereolupp. Se p kartan (bilaga) var proverna togs. 3:5 Fastsittande algerAlger skrapades frn olika delar av bryggan och studerades sedan i mikroskop. Se karta (bilaga). 3:6 Siktdjup, frg och djupFrn bt bestmdes siktdjupet med hjlp av siktskiva: Frgen p vattnet antecknades. Djupfrhllanden bestmdes med hjlp av lodlina. 2:7 VattenproverFrn bt togs med hjlp av Ruttnerhmtare vattenprover fr pH och syrehaltbestmning. Ett prov togs 50 cm under ytan och ett strax ver botten. 2:8 Vattnen temperaturenVattnets temperatur bestmdes med hjlp av en vattentermistor frn bt. Resultat:3:1 verblick av exursionsomrdetVi kunde konstatera att barrskog dominerade (mestadels gran). Frekomster av tall fanns nra en bergvgg p den stra sidan. I den lugnare delen av sjn (sder) s dominerar flytblads vxter som nckrosor tillsammans med vass. Bottnen bestr framfrallt av sand, sten och dy, det finns liten mngd organiskt avfall. En mer noggrannare bild av Bjursjn kan ses som bilaga. Fyra pH tagningar gav 6,376,86,346,53. 3:2 Strandens vxterOlika sorters vxter hittades. Ett pH test i de bda provrutorna gav att pH snktes frn 5.86 till 5.46 mellan tv meter och fyra meter frn strandkanten. Som en extra uppgift tillsatte vi Kaliumklorid (KCl) till jordprovet med pH 5.46. Efter nnu en koll s hade pH snkts till 4.53. ven om inte KCl tillstter ngra fler vtejoner s fungerar den som en katalysator. Den pkar reaktionen utan att sjlv upptas. .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .postImageUrl , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:hover , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:visited , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:active { border:0!important; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:active , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Healthcare EssayFrekommande vxter vid strandkantenArtFrekomst av arten vid 2 m frn vattenkantenFrekomst av arten vid 4 m frn vattenkantenGrodblad++++Hsslebrodd++++Midsommarblomster++Smultron+Tistel+Treklver+Tussilago+++Vitmossa++ngskavle+ngsvdd++Klver++++Vass+++Rrflen++Vitmossa++Hundxing+Enstaka exemplar+Vanlig++Mycket vanlig+++3:3 DjurlivetDjurartrikedomDjurartFrekomstAndmatsfjril+Bithyniasncka+Grn trollslnda+Hundigel++Knottmygga++Mussla+Stor spiral hus byggare+Damm sncka+Enstaka exemplar+Vanlig++Mycket vanlig+++vriga djur som sgs under dagen var: Grsand, Rdhake och Abborre. 3:4 Plankton och fastsittande algerBotten:Frekommande Plankton var:Yta:Macro Cyclops AlbidusBosmina CoregoniCeratiumChaoborus spVxtplankton pansarflagellatGuldalg- dinobryonKiselalg- tabellaria- AsterionellaFrkommande alger:Dammkvalster, Hinnkrfta Basmina, Navilula Kiselalg. 3:5 Vattnets egenskaperBjursjn r en ganska grumlig sj, den r brun och har ett siktdjup p ca tre meter. Ytvattnets pH-vrde mttes upp till 7,1 och bottenvattnet fick pH 6,88. Syrehalten vid ytan var 8,5 mg/l, vilket r 93% av vad vattnet kan lsa, och vid botten 7,2 mg/l (79%). Nitrathalten var enligt Yvonne Andersson 0,5 mg/l. Fosfathalten mttes kollektivt i klassen till 0,1mg/l. Alkaliniteten mttes till 0,40 mmol HCO3/dm3 vilket innebr att vattnet har god buffertfrmga. Ett nytt pH-vrde mttes i skolan till 6,9. Konduktiviteten var 60 ppm mikrosekunder/cm. Djup i meterAvlst temperaturOvan ytan21,20,0517,10,516,01,017,22,016,83,017,04,015,45,012,56,011,0Frn djupet 3 m till 5 m kan ett sprngskikt ses. Diskussion/Slutsats:Efter olika underskningar och mtningar s har vi kommit fram till att Bjursjn r en oligotrof-humus sj- Hr r ngra faktorer som pekar p det. De lga nitrat och fosfat halterna tyder p en nringsfattig sj Barrskog r den dominerande arten i omrdetDet fanns till viss del organiskt avfallSiktdjupet r relativt lgtSyrehalten i ytskiktet r ganska hgFrekomsten av vissa alger tyder p att det r fiskfattigt vatten. P grund av okunnighet i mnet s kan vissa kvalster och alger ha skrivits fel. Men nr man har en verblick ver materialet s stmmer det mesta in p en oligotrof-humus sj. Felmtningar fr mtning av temperaturer vid olika djup beror frmodligen p utrustningen. Det var bde dliga batterier och det var glapp kontakt i sladden till termistorn. 4. KllfrteckningFltfloraBjrn Ursing och Hans Wanntord1994Stockholm (tryckt i Ungern)PA Nordstedt Sners frlagLiv i UtvecklingLars Ljunggren, Bengt Sderberg och Sven hlin1998Ljung, rebroBokfrlaget Natur och KulturLimniskt DjurplanktonYngve Andersson, Yngve Eliasson och ke Trnbck. Tryckr och -ort r okntFortbildningsavdelningen GteborgBiologi A med miljlraPeinerud, Almlf, Lager-Nyqvist1988BonniersBilaga

International convention to decrease the conflict †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the International convention to decrease the conflict. Answer: Introduction: Environmental policy is one of the contentious and rancorous factors that have been under continuous debate since decade. There has been various researches regarding the association between the environmental law and economic development, however most of them has failed to judge the level of association properly. According to the various researchers, there is high level of association between these two variables, where as some researches contradicts the very idea. Researchers like Chong, Qin and Xinyue, argues that either through direct or in the indirect way environmental laws aids the economy to avail sustainability and eco friendly growth[1]. When it comes to the economic development process of various countries, then according to the developed nations, economic growth comes at an expense of environment. Across the world, there is an identification that the environmental condition is decreasing and hence, it needs special attention and also some legal protections. Thus, most of the countries, both developed as well as developing one, are coming together to formulate some protocols since 1960s to protect the environment, worldwide. This report is meant to analyse the international law and the environment through analyzing the practical and legal issues of the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility. The chief focus of this paper is to look at instruments derived from the principle that have generated based on those chief negotiated instruments. Hence, this paper intends to discuss about the implementation of those principles in the selected instruments and some other legal and practical issues that prevent the growth of those agreements. BackgroundofInternationalEnvironmentalLaw: International Environmental Law (IEL) states about the controlling of pollution and wastage of natural resources under the concept of sustainable development[2]. IEM is a part of public international law, an institution of law, which different states have created to supervise various inter-state related problems. IEL is a broad concept that deals with biodiversity, ozone depletion, population, pollutions related to air, land, water, and nuclear damage and so on that relate with nature or climate. International environmental law has been evaluated since 1970 and can be divided chiefly into three phases, viz., traditional era, modern era and post-modern era. Environmentalism and economic growth 1970 1989: According to the Cleveland, with rise in production and consumption, higher level of inputs will be required and it will lead to exploitation of natural resources. During this period it has been observed that gross product is increased by 0.2% on average with the increase in environmental regulation[3]. On the other hand, researchers argue that, though there were rise in gross production after implying the environmental laws during initial period, however it is affecting the world economy nowadays. Researches during this period argues that it has been found that excessive amount of industrialisation during the 1970 caused increased amount of waste that lead to diminishing quality of environment. Besides this, it has diminished the sustainability of biosphere, thus stringent environmental laws came in. Environmentalism and economic growth 1992 2008: During this period environmental degradation was at its peak due to lack of confined and worldwide framework for environmental laws. Greenhouse gas emission was affecting the whole worlds economy and reducing the same by 3% annually[4]. Besides this, due to rise in greenhouse gas emission water level has also been raising leading to loss of resource like land and capital. Thus UNFCC took ratifying act through Kyoto protocol and enacted the participating countries to reduce the greenhouse gas emission to a certain level for better sustainability and higher growth. Environmentalism and economic growth 2008 Present day: In recent days environmental factors are taken as one of the key element for the production. Firms are aimed to reduce their level of carbon emission through utilising the newer and greener technologies. In the case of developed nations, environmental laws are presently acting as the tool to restrict the growth of the developing nations, due to the fact the developing nations lack in technology and resource. Thus, according to the Robert V Percival and others, recent stringent environmental laws are aimed to reduce the carbon emission level and restrict the environmental degradation to a great extend at a cost of slower growth of the developing nations[5]. Principle of common but differentiated responsibility: Definition: Principle of common but differentiated responsibility has occurred in Rio de Janeiro, 1992. This is the first global legal instrument for addressing climate change and the most comprehensive global attempt for addressing negative effects on the global environment. According to this principle, all the nations need to possess shared obligation for addressing environmental destruction; however, it denies identical responsibility of all nations in relation to environmental protection[6]. The principle of CBDR has remained the key factor for many negotiated instruments. The principle has tried to emphasize the collective responsibility of all countries worldwide, for protecting of the environment by controlling the emissions of green house gasses[7]. It also considers the different capacity of developed and developing countries for dealing with various issues, which are related to protect the environment based on technological and financial capabilities. Origins: CBDR is considered worldwide, that greenhouse gasses are the main factors for changing climate, which is facing by all countries, at present. This is becoming a serious issue as many countries are facing serious problems like droughts, floods, land degradation, heat waves and tropical cyclone that can increase the mortality rate as decrease the food security among many courtiers[8]. Hence, the international community meets on a regular basis to agree on fundamental instruments for ensuring that all countries are participating to solve this problem. During the first Rio Earth Summit in 1992, CBDR was granted by the international governments, which entails that in case of global environmental degradation, different states has common but differentiated responsibilities. Though each country is responsible for the environmental degradation, however different states have different abilities to contribute in the project, which aims to gauge the deteriorating environmental condition. However , this summit has received immense criticism from worldwide nations. This is because the world could not have two separate categories of nations having various responsibilities. The nations need to follow segregation of a continuum, in which they are needed to act vigorously based on their own circumstances. Thus, common responsibility needs to be emphasised all the nations rather than a group of nations taking more dominant responsibility. Objectives: The principle of CBDR has two fundamental objectives. The first objective states about the common responsibility of a nation for the protecting entire environment or a segment of it, at the international, state or regional levels[9]. The second objective talks about various circumstances, regarding contribution of each country for evaluating some environmental issues and its ability to protect for reducing and controlling the threat in near future. Application of the principle in International Environmental Instruments and obligations for nations: The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: The Rio Declaration, a short document, was produced at the Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or the Earth Summit in 1992[10]. This declaration had 27 principles for controlling countries regarding sustainable development in future and over 170 countries signed that. To deal with sustainable development, those 27 principles were constructed based on different aspects of environmental issues[11]. The first principle had considered human beings as the chief concern for sustainable development to give them a productive and healthy life, while the second law was based on some principles of international law and the Charter of the United Nations. According to that law, a nation could fully utilize its resources by implementing their excusive environmental and developmental policies, where they could not hamper other countrys environment. This principle has two-facet elements. Initially it states about the common responsibility, that is, all countries need to co-operate to prevent the environmental degradation and reduction of green house gas emissions and on the other side it argues for shared responsibility to reduce the carbon emission. With the Rio decleration came the principal of CBDR, which argues that though all the countries are responsible for the emission, however different countries need to take different amount of responsibility to gauge the situation depending upon t heir capability. This ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer: This multilateral environment based agreement, which was agreed on 1985 at the Vienna Conference, was actively implemented in 1988. This treat that had earned huge success, was signed by 197 countries, mainly members of all United Nations and the European Union[12]. The chief purpose of this treaty was to prevent the ozone layer with international efforts by implementing research, systematic observations and information exchange regarding the human activities that could affect this layer. Moreover, according to this treaty, member countries could adopt different administrative measures legislative to protect those activities, which had negative implications of this ozone layer[13]. This protocol tried to germinate the CBDR through shared responsibility framework for mitigating the the issue of depleting ozine layer, however failed to do so. Instead of taking any concrete actions for controlling the ozone layer, countries had agreed the Montreal Protocol to advance the goal of protecting the ozone layer. Additionaly, the treaty had some loopholes, for instance, lack of legal bindings to control the usage of CFCs and some important chemicals that could deplete ozone, for instance, chlorine nitrate (CIONO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCI)[14]. MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer(1987): This international treaty was based on ozone layer to prevent the production of some components that hamper the ozone layer. This treaty was agreed in 1987 and was come into action in 1989[15]. After practically implementing this treaty, the world was facing a positive outcome, for instance, the ozone hole, which had been observed in Antarctica, is recovering slowly. As the agreement was successfully adopted by all countries through shared responsibility it had become a well-known example of international co-operation. This treaty was formed around various groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that exhaust ozone layers. Hence, this Montreal Protocol controlled those ozone-depleting materials that chiefly contained bromine and chlorine. However, there were some other harmful materials, for instance, nitrous oxide (N2O), which were not controlled by this protocol[16]. According to this treaty, each group of ozone-depleting materials needed to maintain a timetable above which production of those materials should be eliminated. KyotoProtocol,1997: The Kyoto Protocol was also an international agreement, which was related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change. In 1997, this protocol was adopted in Japan and has come into action in 2005. At present, 192 parties are following this protocol. This agreement engages its member countries to set an international target for controlling emissions. As developed countries are the chief producers of green house gases due to their developed industrial sectors, which are operating for 150 years, this protocol has become very expensive for those countries, based on the principle Common But Differentiated Responsibilities. This protocol has followed some steps to monitor on emission targets, for instance, by maintaining registry systems, reporting, compliance, adaption and adaption funds, parties have maintained their emissions records. The Kyoto protocol has huge importance as it helps to stabilize the amount of greenhouse gases at international level by reducing its emissions. In addition to this, the treaty has provided a structure for the next international agreement, based on climate change. ParisAgreement(2015): The Paris Agreement was adopted by various countries to control climate change at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNCCC) in 2015[17]. Under this agreement, each plans, determines and regulates reports of their own contribution to mitigate global warming, which supports the CBDR principal. Hence, without any specific mechanism, the country needs to maintain some specific target within some specific date depending upon their capability. As the shared responsibility of carbon emission France, at the same year, has decided to ban all vehicles that use petrol and diesel under its five years plan and the country has announced about the reduction of coal for electricity production after 2022[18]. Under the purview of CBDR, Article 2, of Paris agreement mentioned three aims of described by the UNFCCC that each member countries need to follow. Firstly, all parties of this agreement are trying to control the increasing temperature above preindustrial level of the world below 2o C and to maintain this further at 1.5o C for controlling the increasing temperature[19]. Secondly, countries need to adopt the ability to sustain within the negative impacts regarding climate change by controlling climate flexibility and by maintaining low level of greenhouse gas emissions in such a way that it cannot hamper the food production. Thirdly, the agreement tries to make consistent flows of finance for developing various methods to control the emission of greenhouse gases and to develop climate flexibility. This highlights that, after almost three decade of CBDR, it really has came into existence, where different countries have to take different responsibility depending upon their ability. StockholmDeclaration(1972): In 1968, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) has received an idea from Sweden to arrange a world conference based on the inter relation between human and environment. In 1972, this conference was held in Stockholm of Sweden where 113 countries along with 400 non-government organizations and 1500 journalists had participated[20]. This conference was one of the major one of the UN that focused on environmental issues. This meeting, which took the first initiative toward sustainability revolution, had set up 26 principles and an action plan that had 109 recommendations[21]. The principle theme of that conference was to consider the relation between environmental and human being with huge importance and to achieve some international and common principles for the purpose of environmental protection[22]. This declaration also gave huge importance on enrichment and preservation of human environment. In this context, it is beneficial to describe some important principles under that declaration. Firstly, it was said that human rights needed to be maintained worldwide by criticizing apartheid and colonialism. Secondly, the declaration gave importance on the safeguard of natural resources. Thirdly, all countries tried to maintain a higher capacity regarding the production of renewable resources. Fourthly, the principle stated about the safeguard of wildlife. Fifthly, non-renewable resources were shared within countries in such a manner that those were not exhausted by its excessive use[23]. Sixthly, it was stated that the pollution level was remained under a certain level that environment could clear it by its own. There were some other principles, which were stated about the control of ocean pollution, improving of environmental policy and some other statements, related to concerns about of the environment and the process to develop it. This conference, for the first time, had focu sed on the importance of the poverty eradication for protecting the environment. UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)1992: The UNFCCC was another international treaty, which was adopted in 1992 though it came into action in 1994 after ratifying by sufficient number of countries. The chief objective of the UNFCCC was to stabilize the concentrations of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere at a particular level so that the environment could prevent anthropogenic interference that could be dangerous, based on climate system[24]. However, this treaty did not set any binding levels for each country on emissions of greenhouse gas and did not contain any enforcement mechanisms. Instead of that, the treaty had built an outline for some specific international agreements could be ranked to take further actions to fulfill the objectives of the UNFCCC. ImplementationofCBDRprinciple:LessonsandChallenges: Conflictsanddisagreements: Based on environment, developing countries have affected more because of climate change, compare to developed countries, while those developed countries are chiefly responsible for generating huge amount of greenhouse gases. Hence, according to the CBDR principle, those developed countries, which are generating green house gasses by a large amount, have also the capacity to decrease those from the environment by a significant amount and for this; those countries need to take a huge burden for controlling the variation of climate[25]. Under the application of Kyoto Protocol of CBDR, this statement is considered with huge importance. However, it is essential to state that after technological transformation, various countries are contributing significant amount of greenhouse gasses. Thus, the statement cannot be agreed at present, as many developing countries are also generating those gasses and for this, those developing countries need to bear the same responsibility. In addition to this, CBDR has expected assistance of developed countries for poverty eradication, because their performance related work has greatly influences this eradication process. However, there were some weak points to measure the Target 8A and also the international communitys underperformance under MDG 8 for which, CBDR is unequally applied in the field of poverty eradication[26]. Moreover, CBDR cannot be implemented successfully for eradicating poverty some another reasons, that is, developed countries have not provided its complete report on poverty as they do not want to disclose the nature of poverty, which they have within their economy. The standard of living of poor people in developed countries is better compare to that of developing countries. However, in developed countries, those poor people are facing same kind of exclusion and working barriers. Measuring emissions and grouping of nations: Economic development is a continuous process, which can be gained through the constant industrialisation and with the utilisation of the resources properly. However, in recent days, it has been seen that the third world or the developing countries has fall sort of their estimated economic development leading to various factors. Historically it has been observed that developed nations have caused more than 79% of carbon emission[27]. Out of this 40% has emission has been originated from the European Union and next to this US alone is responsible for 22% of the carbon emission[28]. Through the period of industrialisation, developed nations have exploited the environment without any restrictions and now the phase has been changing. Developing nations are substantially producing carbon emission, which is rising day by day to their development programs. China is accounted for 9% of emission, where as Latin America and Middle East is producing 6% of total carbon emission. Depending upon th e total carbon emission, various organisations have grouped the countries[29]. For instance, according to 2016 data, China, US and India are the first three countries that produce highest amount of carbon emission, which makes them tier 1 countries when it comes to carbon emission[30]. According to the same source, Russia, Germany and EU 28 comes under the tier 2, -which produces 6.9 tons of carbon-di-oxide per person. Challengesfordevelopedcountries: At present, developing countries are generating huge amount of green house gasses but at the same time, the huge portion of cumulative emissions of those gases are still coming from the developed countries. According to some statistical data, developed countries have generated almost 70% gasses in this world from 1751 to 2010. When it comes to environmental obligation of the developed nations, then it has been found that, since Rio declaration, the very idea of Principle of common but differentiated responsibility has emerged. Developed countries use the tool of environmental policies as the Pandoras Box to exploit the growth and capability of the developing nations. According to the statistics, seven of the developed nations namely, US, Russia, Germany, Japan, Canada, China and South Korea are accountable for the 60.4% of the total carbon emission[31]. Historically, level of exploitation of the resource and capital by the developed nations is high that has provided them the scope to become where they are now. According to the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, developed nation use the 85% of the world resource and cause 33.376 million of greenhouse gas globally[32]. Moreover, industrialisation has aided the developed nation to have enough money for RD to develop eco friendly technologies that can emit less environment polluting agent. Considering this, it can be stated that, developed nations are historically responsible for the environmental dilemma in present days. Challengesfordevelopingcountries: Various factors have caused the slow growth of the economic development in the developing nations. For instance, there is acute shortage in technological development in the developing nations and the resource constraint has also hampered its growth[33]. However, recent researches highlights that environmental factors are also responsible for the slow economic growth of the third world countries. International environmental treaties along with other environmental commitments in force today are insufficient in nature to manage the economic environmental obligation and growth of the developing nations. After urbanization and industrialization, all developed countries are presently situated at the post-industrial stage and also share some basic characteristics. They are already developed and for this, the amount of green house gas emissions is decreasing slowly in those countries. On other side, developing countries are constructing more buildings and are enhancing its industrial area[34]. Hence, the amount of green house gas emission is increasing in those parts of the world. However, there is a huge debate between developed and developing countries, where developed countries think that the developing one are getting more opportunities to create pollutions while at the same time, developing countries are facing difficulties regarding poverty eradication as it is going to be more important issue for protecting environment. In this context, another debate has also been occurred regarding the accurate definition of developed and developing countries, as some economies like China and I ndia are increasing significantly and also generating huge pollutions. Coming to the developing nations, it can be seen that, these countries lack money and technologies too, in order to keep themselves aligned with the environmental laws. Researches has also argued that developed nations are trying to put away their share of responsibility for environmental balance and aiming to avail benefit from it at the expense of reduced growth of the developing nations[35]. It has also been argued by the several researchers that, developed countries are not serious about reducing the environmental loss due to the industrialisation rather wants to utilise it as the tool of entry barriers for the developing nations. Most of the government revenue of the developing nations goes towards the infrastructural development that makes it hard for them to develop eco friendly technologies[36]. Utilising this scarcity, it is argued that developed nation try to capture the market of the developing nations with their latest eco friendly technology and slows down their impetus to grow. Conclusion: With the rise in number of researches regarding the environmental issues, it has become evident that there is acute relationship between the economic development and environmental regulation. However, it has not yet been clear to which extent the association is and the magnitude of the economic impact by the environmental laws. This report has tried to analyse the various issues related with the environmental laws and economic development and found that there most of the developed nations has been gained through the implication of the environmental plans. The report has found that, considerable amount of influence of the developed countries on the international bodies for environmental laws provide undue advantage to exploit the economic growth and sustainability of the developing nations. Analysing the interventionist policy by the international institutes to check the environmental degradation, the report has found that with ever rising pressure from the world bodies and internatio nal treaties it has become evident for the developing nations to invest more in the eco friendly technologies at the cost of the economic growth. It has not only hampered the expected short-run growth rate of these countries, moreover has constrained the future growth too. 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