Human Resource Management in Business Context - 1884 Words

â€Å"Performance bonuses offer a win-win gain to both organisations and employees. Discuss, making reference to both theory and case examples† Introduction Is performance related pay (PRP) really a motivator for employees and is it an effective way for organisations to gain and retain high performing staff. This is questionable especially as organisations differ in size, organisational culture (therefore differing needs), the ability and/or resources to manage an effective process to support PRP. This study will explore whether performance bonuses offer a win-win for both the organisation and the employees, using primarily the public sector, with reference to the private sector. â€Å"PRP was the ‘big idea’ of the1980s, embraced†¦show more content†¦Intangible services are much harder to quantify. Performance Management Cycle Key performance indicators (KPIs) are formed as part of the performance and appraisal process to measure the output of an individual. The performance appraisal allows a comparison to be made of the actual performance against expected performance (KPIs), which is linked to feedback and whether the individual has warranted a reward. However, there are many potential problems with the performance appraisal system. The process can become a bureaucratic process with managers seeing it as a tick-box exercise to be completed once a year. There could be a lack of understanding of the objectives by the employee, or the organisation may not have a clear strategy and furthermore the process is subjective and open to human bias. It is also very difficult to quantify individual performance such as intangible elements, as mentioned earlier. So it could be argued that the process is not very transparent. To overcome this, Beer et al. introduced the Harvard Model (Gilmore. S, 2009, p.9) which takes into account a wider range of stakeholders interests to provide an input into the appraisal process which allows the reduction of a bias opinion of just one person. It is stated as reduction, as the process is still subjective and open to a range of perceptual errors althoughShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management in Business Context1189 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Human resource management or mostly named simply as HRM is a strategic method thoroughly thought out for managing industrial relations which accentuate the fact that workforce efficiency and commitment are the key factors in achieving constant competitive advantage or high quality work performance. This is accomplished through a peculiar set of integrated employment policies, programmes and practices intruded in an organisational and social context (Bratton and Gold, 2012). The new HRM model isRead MoreThe Long Term Performanc e Of A Company1558 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Greek terms Stratos (army) and agein (lead). In the managerial context, and in today s meaning, that word has replaced the more traditional term long-term planning, to denote a specific pattern of decisions and actions taken by the highest level of the organization to achieve the performance targets. In this context, the strategic management is defined, therefore, as that set of decisions and actions taken by management to assess the long term performance of a company. The world of organizationsRead MoreMultinational Corporations Based On International Business Essay1730 Words   |  7 Pagesstrategies. As these issues of differentiation and integration are often facilitated by HRM activities, they represent a critical component in the IHRM. An example of this dual focus is found in most multinational corporations based on international business, which tend to assign primary responsibility to their subsidiaries for local compensation and benefits, training and labour relations, with regional units assuming secondary responsibility (Reynolds 1992). Productive globalization occurred with theRead MoreWhy Is Consideration of the Social and Economic Context Necessary for Understanding Work and Learning in Canada934 Words   |  4 Pageseducation, learning, training and work. In this essay, I will provide examples of why social and economic context must be considered when understanding work and learning. I will also examine assumptions frequently made by Human Resources Management (HRM) and their perspective on the purpose and outcomes of learning and the critiques that challenge these perspectives. Understanding the social context for work and learning contains many variables. Life experiences, level of education, age, ethnicity andRead MoreImportance Of Small And Medium Enterprises Essay1442 Words   |  6 Pagesadoptions proves its high impact on our life be it economical, social, professional or even if personal. Because IT offers innumerous number of benefits, it is very important to adapt IT in every fields specially Small and Medium Business(SMB). Small Business and mid-size business plays vital role in the progress of country. These small and Medium Enterprises (SME) gives significant contribution to economical growth and sound support for country s economy. And IT specially Internet is having high impactRead MoreStrategic Human Resource Development Framework1614 Words   |  7 Pagesof the different frameworks/models proposed by different researchers and eventually propose a framework of choice which will help leaders to better manage their Human Capital (HC) and un derstand how to incorporate HR policies into everyday decision making and long term planning. First we start by defining Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM). We then look into what purpose it serves in an organisation. Then we look into the different models of SHRM how these models compare with each other. LiteratureRead MoreThe Influence of a Companys Leadership and Culture on Its Business Ethics1541 Words   |  6 PagesDiscuss the ways in which a companys leadership and culture influence its business ethics Definition of Organizational Culture Organizational culture refers to the values and behaviors essential in the contribution or development of unique social and psychological environment with reference to an organization. This is an indication that organizational culture is inclusive of the expectations, philosophy, values, and experiences that focus on holding an organization together with the aim of enhancingRead MoreThe Hidden Talent Of Talent Management1339 Words   |  6 Pagesidentified. Talent management is a systematic attraction, identification, development, engagement/retention and deployment of those individuals with high potential who are of particular value to an organization. This study is endeavour to identify the hidden talent of the Information Technology employees. The primary data has been collected through questionaries’. Key words: Employees, Information Technology organizations Talent, Talent Management. INTRODUCTION The process of talent management is indispensableRead MoreExamples of Ihrm and Domestic Hrm Essay841 Words   |  4 Pagesmultinational ventures stem from a lack of understanding of the essential differences in managing human resources in foreign environments (Desatnick Bennett 1978). The world has become more globalized, competitive, dynamic and uncertain than ever before. As more and more firms operate internationally, the search for the elements of global competitive advantage is a prominent theme in the management literature (Dickman Mà ¼ller-Camen, 2006: 580). There is a clear need to develop an understandingRead MoreSocial Relations And Human Resource Management1223 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation and experience base), overall context (cultural, socio-economic, political etc.) has a significant impact on labor relations and human resource management (HRM). â€Å"The human resource function matters more than its practitioners tend to think. Human resources is a crucial point of intersection between the broader society and business† (Capelli Yang, 2010, p.1). The impact of societal issues such as unemployment, poverty, inequality and lack of human development on labor relations and

The Swedish Model A Feminist Model - 957 Words

The Swedish model came about in 1999 when their government formed an official policy based upon a philosophical belief. According to the Swedish government, voluntary prostitution does not exist. It is a viewpoint which essentially presumes that there is no such thing as freewill and therefore every act of prostitution is automatically an act of violence against women. As a result, Sweden decided that prostitutes shouldn’t face criminal penalties and all of the penalties for prostitution are applied to the men who purchase sex. They face a fine of $1,000 to $2,000 and possibly six months in jail. The Swedish model has certainly reduced the visibility of street prostitution for obvious reasons. Although, a report in 2007 by the Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare found that it was impossible to draw any conclusions about the overall level of prostitution in Sweden, thus the industry most likely has simply transitioned underground. Therefore, the Swedish model needs to be recognized for what it is -- a more effective prohibition model, rather than what it is not -- a truly feminist model. Certain Swedish officials have trailblazed an effort to export their â€Å"end demand† model worldwide, including Gunilla Ekberg, the former Swedish government special adviser on prostitution and trafficking. She has openly acknowledged that part of her job was to travel internationally to influence other countries to copy their model. Their government essentially labeled theirShow MoreRelatedThe Issue Of Sex Work1715 Words   |  7 Pagesinstead of the term prostitution as it carries a lot of social stigma. As Sampson reflects in his work, the possible options available for reform in prostitution law in Canada in the aftermath of the Bedford case, I will further analyze the competing models proposed and reflected upon Sampson’s proposals for change and whether I agree with these approaches. Firstly, it is important to know the history and background of prostitution in Canada. Before the Bedford challenge, sex work in Canada was actuallyRead MoreA Critical Analysis Of Principles Over People : Abolitionist Feminism And Human Trafficking1656 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism and Human Trafficking In the paper, â€Å"Principles over People†, the author seeks to persuade the reader to think critically about the abolitionist feminism as it relates to human trafficking and prostitution. The author believes the abolitionist feminist movement further perpetuates the very principles they argue against. He believes the abolitionists’ stance that all prostitution is forced and a form of human trafficking removes a woman’s right to choose what she does with her body. He further believesRead MoreThe Need for Diversity in the Fashion Industry1402 Words   |  6 PagesFashion models don’t need to be thin, they need to be diverse and healthy at whatever weight that is. Not everyone is supposed to be thin, some women are big boned and curvy, others are naturally slim and small boned, some are tall, others are short, some are light skinned and others are darker. So many diverse looks exist in the world today and the fashion industry need to change their perceptio n of perfect. Body image in our society is out of control. We have young men and women comparing themselvesRead MoreGender Inequality in Italy and Sweden Essay3321 Words   |  14 Pagesconstraints that shape economic, political, and social interaction†, have a significant influence on gender inequality. After thorough research, it is apparent that Swedish institutions, rather than Italian institutions, have emphasized a more gender-egalitarian environment based on equal opportunities and rights for both men and women. The Swedish government has shown much more support for gender parity through an extensive welfare system and other legal policies aimed at balancing work and family lifeRead MoreWomen As An Adult Female Person868 Words   |  4 Pagesonly prudence.’† Though women were constantly critiqued about minuscule aspects in the theater, it did not stop them from aspiring to become great artists. Women such as Jenny Lind, an opera singer who later became kn own as the â€Å"Swedish Nightingale† was also the role model of Clara Louise Kellogg. Clara Louise Kellogg, who was musically nurtured at a young age, later became an amazing vocalist and actress. Another amazing musician was Camilla Urso, who encouraged young women to become professionalRead MoreThe Issue Of Legalizing Sex Work2819 Words   |  12 Pagessaves the government millions of dollars- money that can be utilized to fight sex trafficking and child exploitation. We will examine the links between the US Government and trafficking statistics, and the assertions made by strange bedfellows, the Feminist abolitionists and Right Wing moral crusaders who have combined both trafficking and prostitution before Congress and in media. Fighting sex trafficking and the prohibition of consensual prostitution with draconian laws have become the renewed WhiteRead MoreA New Understanding Of Sexuality1813 Words   |  8 PagesIn studying sexuality Reiss spent several months living i n Sweden where he compared this culture to our own and formed a new understanding of teenage sexuality. The Swedish view sexual experiences during the teen years as a natural expected occurrence, thus they are a society that choses to prepare their children rather than leave them in the dark. Sexual education in Sweden occurs as early as preschool and the goal of these programs are to instill a comprehensive knowledge and appreciation of variousRead MoreThe Seven Dimensions Of Culture1746 Words   |  7 Pagesstudy conducted between 1963 and 1973, Geert Hofstede sampled nearly 120000 employees and compared over 40 countries and cultures within IBM. He then created a database of employee values scores and analysed these, resulting in the creation of the model to compare cultures. It started off as four dimensions, adding a fifth in 1991 by Minkov and was further extended in 2010 (Minkov and Hofstede, 2011) He created four main dimensions of power distance, individualism versus colle ctivism, uncertaintyRead MoreA Brief Note On Bill C 36 And Its Effects On Women And Girls1788 Words   |  8 PagesDepartment of Justice s Technical Paper, this paradigm shift operates under the view of prostitution as a form of sexual exploitation that negatively and disproportionately impacts on women and girls. The new law is referred to as â€Å"made-in-Canada† model which makes prostitution per se not illegal, but â€Å"directly targets the demand† for prostitution (Department of Justice Canada, 2014). Minister of Justice and Attorney General of Canada Peter MacKay said, â€Å"for the first time, the purchase of sexualRead MoreLegalization Of Prostitution And Prostitution1612 Words   |  7 Pagesactivists and organizations believe the issue of sex worker human rights is of greatest importance, including those related to freedom of speech, travel, immigration, work, marriage, parenthood, insurance, health insurance, and housing. Some feminist organizations are opposed to prostitution, considering it a form of exploitation in which males dominate women, and as a practice that is the result of a patriarchal social order. For example, the European Women s Lobby, which bills itself as the

Sammanfattning Essay Example For Students

Sammanfattning: Essay Den 6 september kte halva klass NV2H till Bjursjn och andra halvan till Molln. Vi fick i uppdrag att ta reda p om Bjursjn r nringsfattig eller nringsrik. Med hjlp av floror, lrare och olika mtinstrument skulle vi komma fram till ett svar. Med gott samarbete och med hjlp av de kunskaper vi redan kunde sedan lektionerna s har vi utfrt olika experiment fr att kunna backa upp vra resultat. Dagen erbjd klart solsken. Djurliv och vxtliv bde p land och i vattnet undersktes. Innehllsfrteckning:1 Titelsida Bjursj rapport12 Sammanfattning23 Innehllsfrteckning34 Inledning45 Syfte52 Tillvgagngsstt/Metod42:1verblick ver exkursionsomrdet42:2Underskning av strandens vxter42:3Insamling av djur42:4Plankton42:5Fastsittande alger42:6Siktdjup, frg och djup42:7Vattenprover42:8Vattentemperatur43.Resultat53.1 verblick53.2 Strandens vxter53.3 Djurliv53.4 Plankton och fastsittande alger53.5 Vattnets egenskaper64. Diskussion och slutsats65. Kllfrteckning6Inledning:Vi fick i uppdrag att gra mtningar och olika underskningar av Bjursjn med nrliggande omrde. Frgan r p vilket stt som sjn pverkar oss i Uddevalla. Bjursjn har ju alltid varit en tillflykt fr dem som inte gillar saltvatten p somrarna. Syfte:Vi skulle bestmma om Bjursjn r en nringsrik eller nringsfattig sj. Genom att mta och granska omgivningen s skulle vi kunna definiera sjns nringsinnehll och dess produktivitet mm. Hr r de olika uppgifterna:verblick ver exkursionsomrdet med kartaUnderskning av strandens vxter jmfrelse mellan tv provrutor nra strandkantenInsamling av djur vanlighet av djur och frekomstPlankton frekomst av olika planktonFastsittande alger frekomst av olika algerSiktdjup och frg genom skinlighet och kulrDjupfrhllanden med hjlp av lodVattenprover med Rutnerhmtare Vattenanalyser i flt analyserVatten analyser i skolan mer noggranna underskningarVattentemperatur anvndning av vattentermistorTillvgagngsstt/Metod:3:1 verblick av exkursionsomrdet Vran frsta uppgift var att f ett helhetsintryck av Bjursjn. Vi v alde ut en plats dr vi kunde se strre delen av sjn och utgick drifrn med att notera omgivningen. 3:2 Strandvxter Hr underskte vi tv rutor, vardera p 1m2, placerade 2 respektive 4 meter frn vattnets kant. Vi artbestmde vxterna och angav hur vitt frekommande de var. Se p kartan (bilaga) var proverna togs. 3:3 DjurartrikedomFr att f en uppfattning om vilka djur som r vanliga i Bjursjn gjorde vi en djurinsamling. Djuren samlades in lngs stranden, p vxter, i och p vattnet, under stenar, i sedimentet m.m. 3:4 PlanktonVi tog tv planktonprov, ett uppe vid ytan och ett vid botten. Bda tagna vid den lilla bryggan (se markering p kartan). Proven undersktes senare med stereolupp. Se p kartan (bilaga) var proverna togs. 3:5 Fastsittande algerAlger skrapades frn olika delar av bryggan och studerades sedan i mikroskop. Se karta (bilaga). 3:6 Siktdjup, frg och djupFrn bt bestmdes siktdjupet med hjlp av siktskiva: Frgen p vattnet antecknades. Djupfrhllanden bestmdes med hjlp av lodlina. 2:7 VattenproverFrn bt togs med hjlp av Ruttnerhmtare vattenprover fr pH och syrehaltbestmning. Ett prov togs 50 cm under ytan och ett strax ver botten. 2:8 Vattnen temperaturenVattnets temperatur bestmdes med hjlp av en vattentermistor frn bt. Resultat:3:1 verblick av exursionsomrdetVi kunde konstatera att barrskog dominerade (mestadels gran). Frekomster av tall fanns nra en bergvgg p den stra sidan. I den lugnare delen av sjn (sder) s dominerar flytblads vxter som nckrosor tillsammans med vass. Bottnen bestr framfrallt av sand, sten och dy, det finns liten mngd organiskt avfall. En mer noggrannare bild av Bjursjn kan ses som bilaga. Fyra pH tagningar gav 6,376,86,346,53. 3:2 Strandens vxterOlika sorters vxter hittades. Ett pH test i de bda provrutorna gav att pH snktes frn 5.86 till 5.46 mellan tv meter och fyra meter frn strandkanten. Som en extra uppgift tillsatte vi Kaliumklorid (KCl) till jordprovet med pH 5.46. Efter nnu en koll s hade pH snkts till 4.53. ven om inte KCl tillstter ngra fler vtejoner s fungerar den som en katalysator. Den pkar reaktionen utan att sjlv upptas. .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .postImageUrl , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:hover , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:visited , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:active { border:0!important; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:active , .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95 .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u29931b49f5f9e9f69846587d93a96b95:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Healthcare EssayFrekommande vxter vid strandkantenArtFrekomst av arten vid 2 m frn vattenkantenFrekomst av arten vid 4 m frn vattenkantenGrodblad++++Hsslebrodd++++Midsommarblomster++Smultron+Tistel+Treklver+Tussilago+++Vitmossa++ngskavle+ngsvdd++Klver++++Vass+++Rrflen++Vitmossa++Hundxing+Enstaka exemplar+Vanlig++Mycket vanlig+++3:3 DjurlivetDjurartrikedomDjurartFrekomstAndmatsfjril+Bithyniasncka+Grn trollslnda+Hundigel++Knottmygga++Mussla+Stor spiral hus byggare+Damm sncka+Enstaka exemplar+Vanlig++Mycket vanlig+++vriga djur som sgs under dagen var: Grsand, Rdhake och Abborre. 3:4 Plankton och fastsittande algerBotten:Frekommande Plankton var:Yta:Macro Cyclops AlbidusBosmina CoregoniCeratiumChaoborus spVxtplankton pansarflagellatGuldalg- dinobryonKiselalg- tabellaria- AsterionellaFrkommande alger:Dammkvalster, Hinnkrfta Basmina, Navilula Kiselalg. 3:5 Vattnets egenskaperBjursjn r en ganska grumlig sj, den r brun och har ett siktdjup p ca tre meter. Ytvattnets pH-vrde mttes upp till 7,1 och bottenvattnet fick pH 6,88. Syrehalten vid ytan var 8,5 mg/l, vilket r 93% av vad vattnet kan lsa, och vid botten 7,2 mg/l (79%). Nitrathalten var enligt Yvonne Andersson 0,5 mg/l. Fosfathalten mttes kollektivt i klassen till 0,1mg/l. Alkaliniteten mttes till 0,40 mmol HCO3/dm3 vilket innebr att vattnet har god buffertfrmga. Ett nytt pH-vrde mttes i skolan till 6,9. Konduktiviteten var 60 ppm mikrosekunder/cm. Djup i meterAvlst temperaturOvan ytan21,20,0517,10,516,01,017,22,016,83,017,04,015,45,012,56,011,0Frn djupet 3 m till 5 m kan ett sprngskikt ses. Diskussion/Slutsats:Efter olika underskningar och mtningar s har vi kommit fram till att Bjursjn r en oligotrof-humus sj- Hr r ngra faktorer som pekar p det. De lga nitrat och fosfat halterna tyder p en nringsfattig sj Barrskog r den dominerande arten i omrdetDet fanns till viss del organiskt avfallSiktdjupet r relativt lgtSyrehalten i ytskiktet r ganska hgFrekomsten av vissa alger tyder p att det r fiskfattigt vatten. P grund av okunnighet i mnet s kan vissa kvalster och alger ha skrivits fel. Men nr man har en verblick ver materialet s stmmer det mesta in p en oligotrof-humus sj. Felmtningar fr mtning av temperaturer vid olika djup beror frmodligen p utrustningen. Det var bde dliga batterier och det var glapp kontakt i sladden till termistorn. 4. KllfrteckningFltfloraBjrn Ursing och Hans Wanntord1994Stockholm (tryckt i Ungern)PA Nordstedt Sners frlagLiv i UtvecklingLars Ljunggren, Bengt Sderberg och Sven hlin1998Ljung, rebroBokfrlaget Natur och KulturLimniskt DjurplanktonYngve Andersson, Yngve Eliasson och ke Trnbck. Tryckr och -ort r okntFortbildningsavdelningen GteborgBiologi A med miljlraPeinerud, Almlf, Lager-Nyqvist1988BonniersBilaga

International convention to decrease the conflict †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the International convention to decrease the conflict. Answer: Introduction: Environmental policy is one of the contentious and rancorous factors that have been under continuous debate since decade. There has been various researches regarding the association between the environmental law and economic development, however most of them has failed to judge the level of association properly. According to the various researchers, there is high level of association between these two variables, where as some researches contradicts the very idea. Researchers like Chong, Qin and Xinyue, argues that either through direct or in the indirect way environmental laws aids the economy to avail sustainability and eco friendly growth[1]. When it comes to the economic development process of various countries, then according to the developed nations, economic growth comes at an expense of environment. Across the world, there is an identification that the environmental condition is decreasing and hence, it needs special attention and also some legal protections. Thus, most of the countries, both developed as well as developing one, are coming together to formulate some protocols since 1960s to protect the environment, worldwide. This report is meant to analyse the international law and the environment through analyzing the practical and legal issues of the Principle of Common but Differentiated Responsibility. The chief focus of this paper is to look at instruments derived from the principle that have generated based on those chief negotiated instruments. Hence, this paper intends to discuss about the implementation of those principles in the selected instruments and some other legal and practical issues that prevent the growth of those agreements. BackgroundofInternationalEnvironmentalLaw: International Environmental Law (IEL) states about the controlling of pollution and wastage of natural resources under the concept of sustainable development[2]. IEM is a part of public international law, an institution of law, which different states have created to supervise various inter-state related problems. IEL is a broad concept that deals with biodiversity, ozone depletion, population, pollutions related to air, land, water, and nuclear damage and so on that relate with nature or climate. International environmental law has been evaluated since 1970 and can be divided chiefly into three phases, viz., traditional era, modern era and post-modern era. Environmentalism and economic growth 1970 1989: According to the Cleveland, with rise in production and consumption, higher level of inputs will be required and it will lead to exploitation of natural resources. During this period it has been observed that gross product is increased by 0.2% on average with the increase in environmental regulation[3]. On the other hand, researchers argue that, though there were rise in gross production after implying the environmental laws during initial period, however it is affecting the world economy nowadays. Researches during this period argues that it has been found that excessive amount of industrialisation during the 1970 caused increased amount of waste that lead to diminishing quality of environment. Besides this, it has diminished the sustainability of biosphere, thus stringent environmental laws came in. Environmentalism and economic growth 1992 2008: During this period environmental degradation was at its peak due to lack of confined and worldwide framework for environmental laws. Greenhouse gas emission was affecting the whole worlds economy and reducing the same by 3% annually[4]. Besides this, due to rise in greenhouse gas emission water level has also been raising leading to loss of resource like land and capital. Thus UNFCC took ratifying act through Kyoto protocol and enacted the participating countries to reduce the greenhouse gas emission to a certain level for better sustainability and higher growth. Environmentalism and economic growth 2008 Present day: In recent days environmental factors are taken as one of the key element for the production. Firms are aimed to reduce their level of carbon emission through utilising the newer and greener technologies. In the case of developed nations, environmental laws are presently acting as the tool to restrict the growth of the developing nations, due to the fact the developing nations lack in technology and resource. Thus, according to the Robert V Percival and others, recent stringent environmental laws are aimed to reduce the carbon emission level and restrict the environmental degradation to a great extend at a cost of slower growth of the developing nations[5]. Principle of common but differentiated responsibility: Definition: Principle of common but differentiated responsibility has occurred in Rio de Janeiro, 1992. This is the first global legal instrument for addressing climate change and the most comprehensive global attempt for addressing negative effects on the global environment. According to this principle, all the nations need to possess shared obligation for addressing environmental destruction; however, it denies identical responsibility of all nations in relation to environmental protection[6]. The principle of CBDR has remained the key factor for many negotiated instruments. The principle has tried to emphasize the collective responsibility of all countries worldwide, for protecting of the environment by controlling the emissions of green house gasses[7]. It also considers the different capacity of developed and developing countries for dealing with various issues, which are related to protect the environment based on technological and financial capabilities. Origins: CBDR is considered worldwide, that greenhouse gasses are the main factors for changing climate, which is facing by all countries, at present. This is becoming a serious issue as many countries are facing serious problems like droughts, floods, land degradation, heat waves and tropical cyclone that can increase the mortality rate as decrease the food security among many courtiers[8]. Hence, the international community meets on a regular basis to agree on fundamental instruments for ensuring that all countries are participating to solve this problem. During the first Rio Earth Summit in 1992, CBDR was granted by the international governments, which entails that in case of global environmental degradation, different states has common but differentiated responsibilities. Though each country is responsible for the environmental degradation, however different states have different abilities to contribute in the project, which aims to gauge the deteriorating environmental condition. However , this summit has received immense criticism from worldwide nations. This is because the world could not have two separate categories of nations having various responsibilities. The nations need to follow segregation of a continuum, in which they are needed to act vigorously based on their own circumstances. Thus, common responsibility needs to be emphasised all the nations rather than a group of nations taking more dominant responsibility. Objectives: The principle of CBDR has two fundamental objectives. The first objective states about the common responsibility of a nation for the protecting entire environment or a segment of it, at the international, state or regional levels[9]. The second objective talks about various circumstances, regarding contribution of each country for evaluating some environmental issues and its ability to protect for reducing and controlling the threat in near future. Application of the principle in International Environmental Instruments and obligations for nations: The Rio Declaration on Environment and Development: The Rio Declaration, a short document, was produced at the Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) or the Earth Summit in 1992[10]. This declaration had 27 principles for controlling countries regarding sustainable development in future and over 170 countries signed that. To deal with sustainable development, those 27 principles were constructed based on different aspects of environmental issues[11]. The first principle had considered human beings as the chief concern for sustainable development to give them a productive and healthy life, while the second law was based on some principles of international law and the Charter of the United Nations. According to that law, a nation could fully utilize its resources by implementing their excusive environmental and developmental policies, where they could not hamper other countrys environment. This principle has two-facet elements. Initially it states about the common responsibility, that is, all countries need to co-operate to prevent the environmental degradation and reduction of green house gas emissions and on the other side it argues for shared responsibility to reduce the carbon emission. With the Rio decleration came the principal of CBDR, which argues that though all the countries are responsible for the emission, however different countries need to take different amount of responsibility to gauge the situation depending upon t heir capability. This ViennaConventionfortheProtectionoftheOzoneLayer: This multilateral environment based agreement, which was agreed on 1985 at the Vienna Conference, was actively implemented in 1988. This treat that had earned huge success, was signed by 197 countries, mainly members of all United Nations and the European Union[12]. The chief purpose of this treaty was to prevent the ozone layer with international efforts by implementing research, systematic observations and information exchange regarding the human activities that could affect this layer. Moreover, according to this treaty, member countries could adopt different administrative measures legislative to protect those activities, which had negative implications of this ozone layer[13]. This protocol tried to germinate the CBDR through shared responsibility framework for mitigating the the issue of depleting ozine layer, however failed to do so. Instead of taking any concrete actions for controlling the ozone layer, countries had agreed the Montreal Protocol to advance the goal of protecting the ozone layer. Additionaly, the treaty had some loopholes, for instance, lack of legal bindings to control the usage of CFCs and some important chemicals that could deplete ozone, for instance, chlorine nitrate (CIONO2) and hydrogen chloride (HCI)[14]. MontrealProtocolonSubstancesthatDepletetheOzoneLayer(1987): This international treaty was based on ozone layer to prevent the production of some components that hamper the ozone layer. This treaty was agreed in 1987 and was come into action in 1989[15]. After practically implementing this treaty, the world was facing a positive outcome, for instance, the ozone hole, which had been observed in Antarctica, is recovering slowly. As the agreement was successfully adopted by all countries through shared responsibility it had become a well-known example of international co-operation. This treaty was formed around various groups of halogenated hydrocarbons that exhaust ozone layers. Hence, this Montreal Protocol controlled those ozone-depleting materials that chiefly contained bromine and chlorine. However, there were some other harmful materials, for instance, nitrous oxide (N2O), which were not controlled by this protocol[16]. According to this treaty, each group of ozone-depleting materials needed to maintain a timetable above which production of those materials should be eliminated. KyotoProtocol,1997: The Kyoto Protocol was also an international agreement, which was related to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate change. In 1997, this protocol was adopted in Japan and has come into action in 2005. At present, 192 parties are following this protocol. This agreement engages its member countries to set an international target for controlling emissions. As developed countries are the chief producers of green house gases due to their developed industrial sectors, which are operating for 150 years, this protocol has become very expensive for those countries, based on the principle Common But Differentiated Responsibilities. This protocol has followed some steps to monitor on emission targets, for instance, by maintaining registry systems, reporting, compliance, adaption and adaption funds, parties have maintained their emissions records. The Kyoto protocol has huge importance as it helps to stabilize the amount of greenhouse gases at international level by reducing its emissions. In addition to this, the treaty has provided a structure for the next international agreement, based on climate change. ParisAgreement(2015): The Paris Agreement was adopted by various countries to control climate change at the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) of the United Nations Climate Change Conference (UNCCC) in 2015[17]. Under this agreement, each plans, determines and regulates reports of their own contribution to mitigate global warming, which supports the CBDR principal. Hence, without any specific mechanism, the country needs to maintain some specific target within some specific date depending upon their capability. As the shared responsibility of carbon emission France, at the same year, has decided to ban all vehicles that use petrol and diesel under its five years plan and the country has announced about the reduction of coal for electricity production after 2022[18]. Under the purview of CBDR, Article 2, of Paris agreement mentioned three aims of described by the UNFCCC that each member countries need to follow. Firstly, all parties of this agreement are trying to control the increasing temperature above preindustrial level of the world below 2o C and to maintain this further at 1.5o C for controlling the increasing temperature[19]. Secondly, countries need to adopt the ability to sustain within the negative impacts regarding climate change by controlling climate flexibility and by maintaining low level of greenhouse gas emissions in such a way that it cannot hamper the food production. Thirdly, the agreement tries to make consistent flows of finance for developing various methods to control the emission of greenhouse gases and to develop climate flexibility. This highlights that, after almost three decade of CBDR, it really has came into existence, where different countries have to take different responsibility depending upon their ability. StockholmDeclaration(1972): In 1968, the United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) has received an idea from Sweden to arrange a world conference based on the inter relation between human and environment. In 1972, this conference was held in Stockholm of Sweden where 113 countries along with 400 non-government organizations and 1500 journalists had participated[20]. This conference was one of the major one of the UN that focused on environmental issues. This meeting, which took the first initiative toward sustainability revolution, had set up 26 principles and an action plan that had 109 recommendations[21]. The principle theme of that conference was to consider the relation between environmental and human being with huge importance and to achieve some international and common principles for the purpose of environmental protection[22]. This declaration also gave huge importance on enrichment and preservation of human environment. In this context, it is beneficial to describe some important principles under that declaration. Firstly, it was said that human rights needed to be maintained worldwide by criticizing apartheid and colonialism. Secondly, the declaration gave importance on the safeguard of natural resources. Thirdly, all countries tried to maintain a higher capacity regarding the production of renewable resources. Fourthly, the principle stated about the safeguard of wildlife. Fifthly, non-renewable resources were shared within countries in such a manner that those were not exhausted by its excessive use[23]. Sixthly, it was stated that the pollution level was remained under a certain level that environment could clear it by its own. There were some other principles, which were stated about the control of ocean pollution, improving of environmental policy and some other statements, related to concerns about of the environment and the process to develop it. This conference, for the first time, had focu sed on the importance of the poverty eradication for protecting the environment. UnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)1992: The UNFCCC was another international treaty, which was adopted in 1992 though it came into action in 1994 after ratifying by sufficient number of countries. The chief objective of the UNFCCC was to stabilize the concentrations of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere at a particular level so that the environment could prevent anthropogenic interference that could be dangerous, based on climate system[24]. However, this treaty did not set any binding levels for each country on emissions of greenhouse gas and did not contain any enforcement mechanisms. Instead of that, the treaty had built an outline for some specific international agreements could be ranked to take further actions to fulfill the objectives of the UNFCCC. ImplementationofCBDRprinciple:LessonsandChallenges: Conflictsanddisagreements: Based on environment, developing countries have affected more because of climate change, compare to developed countries, while those developed countries are chiefly responsible for generating huge amount of greenhouse gases. Hence, according to the CBDR principle, those developed countries, which are generating green house gasses by a large amount, have also the capacity to decrease those from the environment by a significant amount and for this; those countries need to take a huge burden for controlling the variation of climate[25]. Under the application of Kyoto Protocol of CBDR, this statement is considered with huge importance. However, it is essential to state that after technological transformation, various countries are contributing significant amount of greenhouse gasses. Thus, the statement cannot be agreed at present, as many developing countries are also generating those gasses and for this, those developing countries need to bear the same responsibility. In addition to this, CBDR has expected assistance of developed countries for poverty eradication, because their performance related work has greatly influences this eradication process. However, there were some weak points to measure the Target 8A and also the international communitys underperformance under MDG 8 for which, CBDR is unequally applied in the field of poverty eradication[26]. Moreover, CBDR cannot be implemented successfully for eradicating poverty some another reasons, that is, developed countries have not provided its complete report on poverty as they do not want to disclose the nature of poverty, which they have within their economy. The standard of living of poor people in developed countries is better compare to that of developing countries. However, in developed countries, those poor people are facing same kind of exclusion and working barriers. Measuring emissions and grouping of nations: Economic development is a continuous process, which can be gained through the constant industrialisation and with the utilisation of the resources properly. However, in recent days, it has been seen that the third world or the developing countries has fall sort of their estimated economic development leading to various factors. Historically it has been observed that developed nations have caused more than 79% of carbon emission[27]. Out of this 40% has emission has been originated from the European Union and next to this US alone is responsible for 22% of the carbon emission[28]. Through the period of industrialisation, developed nations have exploited the environment without any restrictions and now the phase has been changing. Developing nations are substantially producing carbon emission, which is rising day by day to their development programs. China is accounted for 9% of emission, where as Latin America and Middle East is producing 6% of total carbon emission. Depending upon th e total carbon emission, various organisations have grouped the countries[29]. For instance, according to 2016 data, China, US and India are the first three countries that produce highest amount of carbon emission, which makes them tier 1 countries when it comes to carbon emission[30]. According to the same source, Russia, Germany and EU 28 comes under the tier 2, -which produces 6.9 tons of carbon-di-oxide per person. Challengesfordevelopedcountries: At present, developing countries are generating huge amount of green house gasses but at the same time, the huge portion of cumulative emissions of those gases are still coming from the developed countries. According to some statistical data, developed countries have generated almost 70% gasses in this world from 1751 to 2010. When it comes to environmental obligation of the developed nations, then it has been found that, since Rio declaration, the very idea of Principle of common but differentiated responsibility has emerged. Developed countries use the tool of environmental policies as the Pandoras Box to exploit the growth and capability of the developing nations. According to the statistics, seven of the developed nations namely, US, Russia, Germany, Japan, Canada, China and South Korea are accountable for the 60.4% of the total carbon emission[31]. Historically, level of exploitation of the resource and capital by the developed nations is high that has provided them the scope to become where they are now. According to the United Nations Millennium Ecosystem Assessment, developed nation use the 85% of the world resource and cause 33.376 million of greenhouse gas globally[32]. Moreover, industrialisation has aided the developed nation to have enough money for RD to develop eco friendly technologies that can emit less environment polluting agent. Considering this, it can be stated that, developed nations are historically responsible for the environmental dilemma in present days. Challengesfordevelopingcountries: Various factors have caused the slow growth of the economic development in the developing nations. For instance, there is acute shortage in technological development in the developing nations and the resource constraint has also hampered its growth[33]. However, recent researches highlights that environmental factors are also responsible for the slow economic growth of the third world countries. International environmental treaties along with other environmental commitments in force today are insufficient in nature to manage the economic environmental obligation and growth of the developing nations. After urbanization and industrialization, all developed countries are presently situated at the post-industrial stage and also share some basic characteristics. They are already developed and for this, the amount of green house gas emissions is decreasing slowly in those countries. On other side, developing countries are constructing more buildings and are enhancing its industrial area[34]. Hence, the amount of green house gas emission is increasing in those parts of the world. However, there is a huge debate between developed and developing countries, where developed countries think that the developing one are getting more opportunities to create pollutions while at the same time, developing countries are facing difficulties regarding poverty eradication as it is going to be more important issue for protecting environment. In this context, another debate has also been occurred regarding the accurate definition of developed and developing countries, as some economies like China and I ndia are increasing significantly and also generating huge pollutions. Coming to the developing nations, it can be seen that, these countries lack money and technologies too, in order to keep themselves aligned with the environmental laws. Researches has also argued that developed nations are trying to put away their share of responsibility for environmental balance and aiming to avail benefit from it at the expense of reduced growth of the developing nations[35]. It has also been argued by the several researchers that, developed countries are not serious about reducing the environmental loss due to the industrialisation rather wants to utilise it as the tool of entry barriers for the developing nations. Most of the government revenue of the developing nations goes towards the infrastructural development that makes it hard for them to develop eco friendly technologies[36]. Utilising this scarcity, it is argued that developed nation try to capture the market of the developing nations with their latest eco friendly technology and slows down their impetus to grow. Conclusion: With the rise in number of researches regarding the environmental issues, it has become evident that there is acute relationship between the economic development and environmental regulation. However, it has not yet been clear to which extent the association is and the magnitude of the economic impact by the environmental laws. This report has tried to analyse the various issues related with the environmental laws and economic development and found that there most of the developed nations has been gained through the implication of the environmental plans. The report has found that, considerable amount of influence of the developed countries on the international bodies for environmental laws provide undue advantage to exploit the economic growth and sustainability of the developing nations. Analysing the interventionist policy by the international institutes to check the environmental degradation, the report has found that with ever rising pressure from the world bodies and internatio nal treaties it has become evident for the developing nations to invest more in the eco friendly technologies at the cost of the economic growth. It has not only hampered the expected short-run growth rate of these countries, moreover has constrained the future growth too. The report has found various interventionist policies have aided the first world countries to attain biased advantage through reduced amount of environmental responsibilities. Bibliography: Ari I, Sari R. Developing CBDR-RC Indices for Fair Allocation of Emission Reduction Responsibilities and Capabilities across Countries. Cogent Environmental Science. 2017 Dec 23:1420365. Avgerou CG Walsham,Information Technology In Context Bahareh A, Seyed AP, Roshandel R, Zare A. International convention to decrease conflict between energy supply and environmental protection. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 2018 Mar 1;8(1):608-18. Bergstrom JA Randall,Resource Economics Bleam W,Soil And Environmental Chemistry(Academic Press 2012) Bodansky D. The Paris climate change agreement: a new hope?. American Journal of International Law. 2016 Apr;110(2):288-319. Bowman M. 5 International North Pacific Fisheries Convention (9 May 1952, 205 UNTS 79). 6 Sands Peel (n 1 above) 26. 7 LB Sohn The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment(1973) 14 Harvard International Law Review 423; P Birnie et al International law and the environment (3rd edn 2009) 48. The implementation of international law in Germany and South Africa. 2015:240. Cceres L. Climate Change Relevant Aspects at World and National Levels. Revista AFESE. 2017 Jan 16;46(46). Charter M,Greener Marketing Charter MU Tischner,Sustainable Solutions Chen ZK Haynes, 'Transportation Capital In The US: A Multimodal General Equilibrium Analysis' [2013] SSRN Electronic Journal Chipperfield MP, Dhomse SS, Feng W, McKenzie RL, Velders GJ, Pyle JA. Quantifying the ozone and ultraviolet benefits already achieved by the Montreal Protocol. Nature communications. 2015 May 26;6:7233. Chong Z, C QinX Ye, 'Environmental Regulation, Economic Network And Sustainable Growth Of Urban Agglomerations In China' (2016) 8 Sustainability 'CO2 Emissions | Global Carbon Atlas' (Globalcarbonatlas.org, 2018) https://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions accessed 26 March 2018 Dimitrov RS. The Paris agreement on climate change: Behind closed doors. Global Environmental Politics. 2016 Aug;16(3):1-1. Dubash NK. Safeguarding development and limiting vulnerability: India's stakes in the Paris Agreement. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2017 Mar 1;8(2). Gonzalez CG. Bridging the North-South Divide: International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene. Pace Envtl. L. Rev.. 2015;32:407. Gray W,Economic Costs And Consequences Of Environmental Regulation(Taylor and Francis 2018) Hashim KS, Mohamed AH, Redza HZ. Developing a waste minimization awareness model through community based movement: A case study of the IIUM Green Team. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 2017 Sep 18;8(5). Haward M. Plastic pollution of the worlds seas and oceans as a contemporary challenge in ocean governance. Nature communications. 2018 Feb 14;9(1):667. Hegglin MI, Fahey DW, McFarland M, Montzka SA, Nash ER. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014-Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2014 Update. Hort S,Social Policy, Welfare State, And Civil Society In Sweden. Vol. 1 2(Arkiv Fo?rlag 2014) Houser D, Libecap GD. Public Choice Issues in International Collective Action: Global Warming Regulation. InExplorations in Public Sector Economics 2017 (pp. 13-34). Springer, Cham. 'How Rich Countries "Outsource" Their CO2 Emissions To Poorer Ones' (Vox, 2018) https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/4/18/15331040/emissions-outsourcing-carbon-leakage accessed 26 March 2018 Leary DK. International Environmental Law, Sustainable Generation of Energy from the Ocean and Small Island Developing States in the Pacific. Sustainable Ocean Resource Governance: Deep Sea Mining, Marine Energy and Submarine Cables. 2018 Feb 5:84. Li Y and others,Economic Analysis And Forecast Of China (2015) Long DM Collins, 'Quantifying Global Climate Feedbacks, Responses And Forcing Under Abrupt And Gradual CO2 Forcing' (2013) 41 Climate Dynamics Luderer G and others, 'Implications Of Weak Near-Term Climate Policies On Long-Term Mitigation Pathways' [2015] SSRN Electronic Journal Ludwig T. The Key to Engaging with the SDGs: Utilizing Rio Principle 10 to Succeessfully Implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable Development Law Policy. 2017;16(2):7. Marks SP. Integrating a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development and the Right to Development into Global Governance for Health. Human Rights in Global Health: Rights-Based Governance for a Globalizing World. 2018:331. Meier H,Product-Service Integration For Sustainable Solutions(Springer 2013) Nilsson M, Griggs D, Visbeck M, Ringler C, McCollum D. A framework for understanding Sustainable Development Goal Interactions. A Guide to SDG Interactions: From Science to Implementation. 2017. ONeill B and others, 'The Roads Ahead: Narratives For Shared Socioeconomic Pathways Describing World Futures In The 21St Century' (2017) 42 Global Environmental Change Percival R and others,Environmental Regulation Power T,Economic Development And Environmental Protection(Taylor and Francis 2015) Rees J,Natural Resources Ritzer G,Globalization Rogelj J, Den Elzen M, Hhne N, Fransen T, Fekete H, Winkler H, Schaeffer R, Sha F, Riahi K, Meinshausen M. Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 C. Nature. 2016 Jun;534(7609):631. Spinozzi P, Mazzanti M. I. 2 The incongruities of sustainability: an examination of the UN Earth Summit Declarations 19722012. InCultures of Sustainability and Wellbeing 2017 Nov 14 (pp. 66-82). Routledge. Tan CJ Fau?ndez,Natural Resources And Sustainable Development(Edward Elgar Pub 2017) Telfer DR Sharpley,Tourism And Development In The Developing World(Routledge 2016) Tietenberg T,Environmental And Natural Resource Economics(Routledge 2018) Vaughan A, 'Carbon Emissions Per Person, By Country' (the Guardian, 2018) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/datablog/2009/sep/02/carbon-emissions-per-person-capita accessed 26 March 2018 Vetter SH, Sapkota TB, Hillier J, Stirling CM, Macdiarmid JI, Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy EJ, Dangour AD, Smith P. Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural food production to supply Indian diets: implications for climate change mitigation. Agriculture, ecosystems environment. 2017 Jan 16;237:234-41. Wallace D,Sustainable Industrialization Widjaja K, 'sustainable design in project delivery: a discussion on current and future trends' (2016) 11 Journal of Green Building Wood BT, Stringer LC, Dougill AJ, Quinn CH. Socially Just Triple-Wins? A Framework for Evaluating the Social Justice Implications of Climate Compatible Development. Sustainability. 2018 Jan 16;10(1):211. Young OR, Onoda M. Satellite Earth Observations in Environmental Problem-Solving. InSatellite Earth Observations and Their Impact on Society and Policy 2017 (pp. 3-27). Springer, Singapore [1] Zhaohui Chong, Chenglin Qin and Xinyue Ye, 'Environmental Regulation, Economic Network And Sustainable Growth Of Urban Agglomerations In China' (2016) 8 Sustainability. [2] Gonzalez CG. Bridging the North-South Divide: International Environmental Law in the Anthropocene. Pace Envtl. L. Rev.. 2015;32:407. [3] Wayne B Gray,Economic Costs And Consequences Of Environmental Regulation(Taylor and Francis 2018). [4] David J. Long and Matthew Collins, 'Quantifying Global Climate Feedbacks, Responses And Forcing Under Abrupt And Gradual CO2 Forcing' (2013) 41 Climate Dynamics. [5] Robert V Percival and others,Environmental Regulation. [6] Power T,Economic Development And Environmental Protection(Taylor and Francis 2015) [7] Ari I, Sari R. Developing CBDR-RC Indices for Fair Allocation of Emission Reduction Responsibilities and Capabilities across Countries. Cogent Environmental Science. 2017 Dec 23:1420365. [8] Vetter SH, Sapkota TB, Hillier J, Stirling CM, Macdiarmid JI, Aleksandrowicz L, Green R, Joy EJ, Dangour AD, Smith P. Greenhouse gas emissions from agricultural food production to supply Indian diets: implications for climate change mitigation. Agriculture, ecosystems environment. 2017 Jan 16;237:234-41. [9] Dubash NK. Safeguarding development and limiting vulnerability: India's stakes in the Paris Agreement. Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change. 2017 Mar 1;8(2). [10] Ludwig T. The Key to Engaging with the SDGs: Utilizing Rio Principle 10 to Succeessfully Implement the UN Sustainable Development Goals. Sustainable Development Law Policy. 2017;16(2):7. [11] Nilsson M, Griggs D, Visbeck M, Ringler C, McCollum D. A framework for understanding Sustainable Development Goal Interactions. A Guide to SDG Interactions: From Science to Implementation. 2017. [12] Bahareh A, Seyed AP, Roshandel R, Zare A. International convention to decrease conflict between energy supply and environmental protection. Ukrainian Journal of Ecology. 2018 Mar 1;8(1):608-18. [13] Houser D, Libecap GD. Public Choice Issues in International Collective Action: Global Warming Regulation. InExplorations in Public Sector Economics 2017 (pp. 13-34). Springer, Cham. [14] Young OR, Onoda M. Satellite Earth Observations in Environmental Problem-Solving. InSatellite Earth Observations and Their Impact on Society and Policy 2017 (pp. 3-27). Springer, Singapore. [15] Chipperfield MP, Dhomse SS, Feng W, McKenzie RL, Velders GJ, Pyle JA. Quantifying the ozone and ultraviolet benefits already achieved by the Montreal Protocol. Nature communications. 2015 May 26;6:7233. [16] Hegglin MI, Fahey DW, McFarland M, Montzka SA, Nash ER. Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2014-Twenty Questions and Answers About the Ozone Layer: 2014 Update. [17] Bodansky D. The Paris climate change agreement: a new hope?. American Journal of International Law. 2016 Apr;110(2):288-319. [18] Rogelj J, Den Elzen M, Hhne N, Fransen T, Fekete H, Winkler H, Schaeffer R, Sha F, Riahi K, Meinshausen M. Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 C. Nature. 2016 Jun;534(7609):631. [19] Dimitrov RS. The Paris agreement on climate change: Behind closed doors. Global Environmental Politics. 2016 Aug;16(3):1-1. [20] Bowman M. 5 International North Pacific Fisheries Convention (9 May 1952, 205 UNTS 79). 6 Sands Peel (n 1 above) 26. 7 LB Sohn The Stockholm Declaration on the Human Environment(1973) 14 Harvard International Law Review 423; P Birnie et al International law and the environment (3rd edn 2009) 48. The implementation of international law in Germany and South Africa. 2015:240. [21] Hashim KS, Mohamed AH, Redza HZ. Developing a waste minimization awareness model through community based movement: A case study of the IIUM Green Team. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space. 2017 Sep 18;8(5). [22] Leary DK. International Environmental Law, Sustainable Generation of Energy from the Ocean and Small Island Developing States in the Pacific. Sustainable Ocean Resource Governance: Deep Sea Mining, Marine Energy and Submarine Cables. 2018 Feb 5:84. [23] Spinozzi P, Mazzanti M. I. 2 The incongruities of sustainability: an examination of the UN Earth Summit Declarations 19722012. InCultures of Sustainability and Wellbeing 2017 Nov 14 (pp. 66-82). Routledge. [24] Cceres L. Climate Change Relevant Aspects at World and National Levels. Revista AFESE. 2017 Jan 16;46(46). [25] Wood BT, Stringer LC, Dougill AJ, Quinn CH. Socially Just Triple-Wins? A Framework for Evaluating the Social Justice Implications of Climate Compatible Development. Sustainability. 2018 Jan 16;10(1):211. [26] Marks SP. Integrating a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development and the Right to Development into Global Governance for Health. Human Rights in Global Health: Rights-Based Governance for a Globalizing World. 2018:331. [27] Adam Vaughan, 'Carbon Emissions Per Person, By Country' (the Guardian, 2018) https://www.theguardian.com/environment/datablog/2009/sep/02/carbon-emissions-per-person-capita accessed 26 March 2018. [28] 'CO2 Emissions | Global Carbon Atlas' (Globalcarbonatlas.org, 2018) https://www.globalcarbonatlas.org/en/CO2-emissions accessed 26 March 2018. [29] 'How Rich Countries "Outsource" Their CO2 Emissions To Poorer Ones' (Vox, 2018) https://www.vox.com/energy-and-environment/2017/4/18/15331040/emissions-outsourcing-carbon-leakage accessed 26 March 2018. [30] Gunnar Luderer and others, 'Implications Of Weak Near-Term Climate Policies On Long-Term Mitigation Pathways' [2015] SSRN Electronic Journal. [31] David J Telfer and Richard Sharpley,Tourism And Development In The Developing World(Routledge 2016). [32] Judith A Rees,Natural Resources. [33] Sven E. O Hort,Social Policy, Welfare State, And Civil Society In Sweden. Vol. 1 2(Arkiv Fo?rlag 2014). [34] Karno Widjaja, 'sustainable design in project delivery: a discussion on current and future trends' (2016) 11 Journal of Green Building. [35] Martin Charter and Ursula Tischner,Sustainable Solutions. [36] Horst Meier,Product-Service Integration For Sustainable Solutions(Springer 2013).

The Things They Carried Essay free essay sample

There were three types of women in The Things They Carried. These roles of women, displayed in Martha, Linda and Kathleen, were love, death, and an enabler. Although they are not seen in the story, women are very much on the mind of the men. Mainly because women could not be at war, O’Brien decided to introduce the women through the minds of the soldiers. The men idealize the women and portray their absence in letters, photographs and even in their imaginations. They do this as consolation and as a reminder that a world exists outside the monstrosity of Vietnam. Martha is Lt. Jimmy Crosss love, even though she had only considered him as a friend. OBriens uses their story to show a common trend between soldiers and the separation created by the war. When the soldiers returned home from the war, they quickly began trying to revitalize the lives they left before the war. We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page While Lt. Jimmy Cross was faced with death in Vietnam, he refuses to believe Martha isnt a virgin and that they could one day be together. This was a safe, comforting thought contrary to one of rejection and possible death during war. For soldiers in war, many of them think of someone or something they love and it helps them to persevere through the tough times. â€Å"He had loved Martha more than his men, and as a consequence Lavender was now dead, and this was something he would have to carry like a stone in his stomach for the rest of the war†. (42) During his time in Vietnam, Cross is obsessed with Martha leading to Ted Lavenders death. He burns her letters and photos as an attempt to reconcile his guilt. However, it’s at that later meeting where he receives a new photograph of her and all the feelings of guilt is felt as she rejects him due to the fact that she was never truly interested in him. Another women who had left her mark was Linda, Tim OBriens childhood love. Unfortunately she dies at the age of nine due to a brain tumor. Her role is to give Tim a reason to write stories, so that he can keep the memories alive. He believes that those who die can be revitalized through storytelling. Linda is the primary example of OBriens belief that storytelling aids the healing process of pain, confusion, and sadness that comes with an unexpected death. After she dies, O’Brien uses his writing skills to best create an everlasting memory in her honor. His past experiences with deaths such as Linda explains why he was able to handle death so well in Vietnam. Even though Norman Bowker and Kiowa die unexpectedly, they are both brought back to life in OBriens stories similar to Linda. By writing stories like these, it helps OBrien keep his sanity and peace in check. In conclusion to the first two women, Kathleen is the daughter of OBrien. Shes known as the enabler for OBriens stories that arent true. Similar to the reader, Kathleen is learning OBriens war stories and their true meanings. However, she has the means to question OBrien and truly unlock his mind to find all the small details hidden in the words. An example of her ability is seen when he revisits Vietnam. OBrien has a different perspective of his experiences when he thinks about how he should tell the story of the man he killed to his eight year old daughter. Stories are for joining the past to the future. Stories are for those late hours in the night when you cant remember how you got from where you were to where you are. Stories are for eternity, when memory is erased, when there is nothing to remember except that story†. (34) It’s easy for the reader to misunderstand O’Brien during his storytelling of the harshness of the war. Tim is trying to paint a picture for his daughter without scaring her out of her shoes. Otherwise he could just tell her all the horrors he witnessed as well as the gruesome smell that arose from the war field. Although the women in The Things They Carried were not physically present during the war, they had a large emotional presence. This deeply affected almost all of the soldiers who were affected by the severity of the war and looked forward to returning home to a companion or family member. Most of the time women are said to play smaller roles in stories and in film, but not in the case of The Things They Carried. These leadings women were a big part of O’Brien’s success in explaining his story the way it was meant to be. The Things They Carried Essay free essay sample Why does O’Brien use the theme of rejection to convey his experience in war? In the book, The Things They Carried, Tim O’Brien writes about his experience in the Vietnam War. He uses many themes to show how the war has changed the soldiers and how the citizens perceive the war. Throughout the book, he uses the theme of rejection to show the disconnection between the soldiers at war and the citizens at home. O’Brien defines the relationship among the soldiers from the beginning of war to the end. He shows the struggle and hardship of returning to everyday life and the acceptance of society. Rejection is a reoccurring theme that O’Brien uses, it helps the reader understand what went on in the war and the way societies’ views the war. The disconnection between the soldiers at war and the citizens at home is the most important example of rejection that O’Brien uses to further explain his experience in war. We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page O’Brien begins to talk about a true war story and how it makes the stomach believe. He says that Curt Lemon stepped on a booby-trap while playing with Rat Kiley and instantly died. Curt Lemon was dead. Rat Kiley had lost his best friend in the world. Later in the week he would write a long personal letter to the guy’s sister, who would not write back, but for now it was a question of pain. (79) This quote is a great example of how citizens at home do not understand and respond well to the soldiers at war. Rat Kiley had put a lot of thought into the letter he sent to Curt Lemon’s sister explaining what had happened and how great Curt Lemon was. Curt Lemon’s sister not writing back shows the disconnect between her and the soldiers and how she does not support the war. O’Brien also uses the relationship among the soldiers from the beginning of war to the end to explain the theme of rejection throughout the book. One important example of this is when Tim O’Brien got shot in the butt and the medic took so long to get to him, he almost died of shock. He was no longer able to fight in war and worked in the battalion supply section. A few months later, his group he used to go into war with came in for stand-down. After hearing their stories, O’Brien realizes he is more like a civilian now. O’Brien begins talking to Mitchell Sanders about Bobby Jorgenson, the medic who almost killed him. Sanders shrugged. â€Å"People change. Situations change. I hate to say this, man, but you’re out of touch. Jorgenson – he’s with us now. † â€Å"And I’m not? † Sanders looked at me for a moment. â€Å"No,† he said. â€Å"I guess you’re not. † (197) This quote explains how being in war as a soldier creates a different relationship with the other soldiers than it does when you are not fighting in war or are a citizen. The last example of the theme of rejection and disconnection in The Things They Carried is the hardship of returning to everyday life. When Norman Bowker came home from the war he did not have anything to come home to and nothing to look forward to. He decided to take his father’s truck around a lake nearby their house and he stopped at the local AW. He honked and a carhop came up to his car. He began to order. Mama Burger,† he said. â€Å"Maybe some fries, too. † The girl sighed, leaned down, and shook her head. Her eyes were as fluffy and airy-light as cotton candy. â€Å"You blind? † she said. She put out her hand and tapped an intercom attached to a steel post. â€Å"Punch the button and place your order. All I do is carry the dumb trays. † †¦ The intercom squeaked and said , â€Å"Order. † â€Å"Mama Burger and fries,† Norman Bowker said. â€Å"Affirmative, copy clear. No rootie-tootie? † â€Å"Rootie-tootie? † â€Å"You know, man – root beer. † †¦ (151) This quote shows the disconnect between society and the soldiers at war. Once Norman Bowker came home, he was out of touch with society and it was hard for him to return to everyday life. He had been gone for so long that everything he came back to had changed. Throughout the book, The Things They Carried, O’Brien uses the theme of rejection to convey his experiences in war and explain societies’ view on war. He uses examples such as the disconnect between the soldiers at war and the citizens at home, the relationship among the soldiers from the beginning of war to the end, and the hardship of returning to everyday life. As we have discovered, being in the Vietnam war was not easy for any of the soldiers and most of the time they had many burdens and worries. Society was very disconnected with the war and many did not support it. The soldiers relationships changed greatly when the men were wounded or killed, and they had to adjust quickly to their constantly changing lifestyle. Once they came back home, it was very hard for them to get back into their normal routines and everyday life they once were accustomed to. The Things They Carried Essay free essay sample They Carried, is a novel composed of war stories from the Vietnam War. O’Brien tells the stories of not only himself, but stories from the men with whom he fought alongside. The main idea of the book is what these men carried, which was not only tangible objects, but emotions as well. Digging deeper into this meaning, many of the stories were changed from their true and factual selves to half true and half fictitious stories based on that person’s emotions at that time. Many writers, such as Tim O’Brien, find more truth in fiction than on the actual occurring event. In Tim O’Brien’s The Things They Carried there is a blurred line between fact and fiction and the real Tim O’Brien and Tim’s character. Tim’s character represents his truth from his emotional views and the narrator Tim tells what really happened. Tim O’Brien’s character in The Things They Carried looked in the faces of the dead, but in reality he did not have the strength to look into the faces of the deceased. We will write a custom essay sample on The Things They Carried Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He could call this his own truth because his emotions are what he was writing down. All he did was take the way that he felt and added details and faces to events that actually occurred. For most people this is their own truth. Everybody has their own truth because memories are driven by emotion and the emotions can sometimes temporarily or even permanently block out what really happened and a story from factual events is created. Throughout the majority of the novel Tim uses character Tim over narrator Tim, but he does occasionally distinguish fact from emotions. During the instance when O’Brien’s daughter asks him if he has ever killed a man O’Brien hesitates in a truthful answer. It seems as though he is greatly conflicted because he feels as if he has killed a man, but he never actually killed a man. It is as if by him being a part of the war and not helping the dying men it is a fault of his that he could not help to save them by stopping it. His emotions told him he was a murderer who looked in the face of his victim, who was a young boy he created a life story for; when in reality that boy was never his kill. To the reader it seems that he is contradicting himself, but in actuality he is differentiating between himself and his emotional character. In the chapter, â€Å"How to Write a True War Story,† O’Brien tells the reader about the blurred line between fact and fiction. He tells us what a true war story is and what it is not. According to O’Brien a true war story is never moral, instructing, or uplifting. He also tells us that in a true war story, â€Å"it’s difficult to separate what happened from what seemed to happen. † He also tells us that it is â€Å"a hard an exact truth as it seemed. † This is where the lines become blurred. As it seems from the way O’Brien speaks, men do not have the courage to witness entire incidences such as Curt Lemon’s death. He writes that they watch pieces of it, close their eyes, and open them some more. Everything they remember seems true to them based on the facts. Readers may never truly know what happened, but they do know what that person was feeling based on the way the story was told. There is no clear line between fact and story for author Tim O’Brien. To him the lines blur together from time apart from the event and remembering the emotions felt. His novel The Things They Carried represents this idea through its use of storytelling. All of his short stories pieced together to create the novel each represent a different form of truth for different men along with Tim. O’Brien was successful in using this blurred line between fact and story for his war stories.

The Gun or The Man Professor Ramos Blog

The Gun or The Man The Gun or The Man How would you feel if you were a parent of two kids that went to the same elementary school and one morning after dropping both kids off you get a call from the school that itison lockdown and several kids have been hit by a shooter thatis still on the loose. Iam pretty sure every parent in this situation would be worried sick about their kid’s safety. After an incident like that happening to your kids, would you want there to be an increase in gun control laws and regulations or would you rather have these gun laws be decreased to prevent more shootings? Whether you think there should be more or less laws, we can all agree that there needs to be an overall change in thesystemto prevent events like this from happening.that is why there is a big conflict over gun laws in America till this day that need to be looked at again.Stricter Background checksshould be the bigger picture in trying to determine ways of stopping mass shootings across American soil. Believe it or not,an investigation found that high capacity magazines were used in at least 50% of the 62 mass shootings between 1982 and 2012(Metzland Macleish2), which is outrages to think that these shooters were able to even get ahold of highcapacitymagazineguns. Some would think this is not a big deal and guns are guns but what is misunderstood is that when these high capacity guns wereused for mass shootings the death percentage rose 63% and the injury rate 156%(Metzland Macleish2). It’s absurd to know that this is true and there still isn’t strong regulations to stop this conflict. Even so that these shooters need to be stopped in action and states like Texas that are all for concealed carry still never had a civilian stop a shooter in action so even thinking that these guns can be useful for civilians is hard to understand because out of all the shootings between 1982 thru 2012 were even stopped by any civilians and in fact they were all stopped by law enforceme nt. The average gun owner, no matter how responsible, isn’t trained in law enforcement and does not know how to handle life-threatening situations, so in most ways, if a threat is happening, increasing the number of guns only creates more conflict and dangerous situations. The Gun or The Man Now you may ask yourself after all these leading problems with gun laws and regulations for helping to keep society safe but what can possibly be the problem with gun laws affecting mass shootings in the United states. A lot of the time it’s just some crazy kid that turned bad and is angry from something that happened in the past but surely there are a lot of times where these active shooters are just plain crazy in the head and have a serious mental issues that are going on in their life. For instance, on the morning of Dec. 14, 2012, carrying more than 30 pounds of weapons and ammunition, Adam Lanza shot his way into Sandy Hook Elementary school(fox1). After this incident it was laterannounced that the shooter was schizophrenic.When you hear this announcement it could mean that maybe the shooter went to go buy the gun and later decided to go shoot up the school and its all the seller fault for not having a proper backgrounding check for these costumers or maybe even these so called mentally ill shouldn’t even be near guns in the first place. Of course, scripts linking guns and mental illness arise in the aftermath of many US mass shootings. Reports suggest that up to 60% of mass shootings in the United States since 1970 displayed symptoms including acute paranoia, delusions, and depression before committing their crimes(Metzland Macleish2). In Aurora, Colorado, movie theater shooter James Holmes â€Å"was seeing a psychiatrist specializing in schizophrenia† before he opened fire in a crowded theater(Metzland Macleish2). Another case of these mentally ill shooters where Jared Loughner, a gunman from Arizona, would â€Å"laugh randomly and loudly at nonevents† which would have all his classmates scared, worried, and confused, he later went on to shoot US Congresswoman GabrielleGiffordsand six other people at a rally in front of a supermarket in Tucson, Arizona were shot. That is when I ask myself, is it the gun laws that need to be f ixed or is it the people with mental disorders and extreme episodes of depression. Knowing that,yes gun laws have proven to lower mass shooting rates and also regulations to keep people from getting these guns.I stand with believing that it is not the gun that kills people it is the person behind the gun that does the killing.If the person behind the gun is filled with a mental issue history or is on mental medication, there should be no reason that a gun should ever be in the hands of these people. There have been many of mass shootings in the US in the past decade and it only continues to get worse and worse, yet people still continue to gravitate towards the problem being gunlaws.Even the worst mass shooting in American history, Stephen Paddock, who killed 58 people and wounded hundreds of people attending a country concert in Las Vegas, Even was victimized by his doctor to be known to have a bipolar disorder and was said to be by police â€Å"odd† and someone who would showâ€Å"little to no emotion†(Lochhead1). Paddock primary care doctor has not done the annual checkupsinceOctober 2016, about a year before the shootingoccurred (Lochhead1). Now Iamnot saying that all these shooters have mental issues are problemsbecause alot of these mass shootings are planned.On the other hand,a stricterbackground checkon mental health information before being able to own agun will drop these mass shooting rates far more than just banning guns. Work Cited ProCon.org, Gun Control.ProCon.org. n.d., gun-control.procon.org/ â€Å"Armed Civilians Are Unlikely to Stop Crimes and Are More Likely to Make Dangerous Situations, Including Mass Shootings, More Deadly.†Gun Control, gun-control.procon.org/arguments/armed-civilians-are-unlikely-to-stop-crimes-and-are-more-likely-to-make-dangerous-situations-including-mass-shootings-more-deadly/. â€Å"American Public Health Association (APHA).†American Public Health Association (APHA) Publications,ajph.aphapublications.org/. Lochhead, Colton. â€Å"Las Vegas Shooting Report Explores Gunmans Mental Health.†Journal, 7 Nov. 2018,www.reviewjournal.com/crime/shootings/las-vegas-shooting-report-explores-gunmans-mental-health/. â€Å"Report: Sandy Hook Shooter Adam Lanza Was ObsessedWithMass Shootings.†U.S. News World Report, U.S. News World Report,https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2013/11/25/report-sandy-hook-shooter-adam-lanza-was-obsessed-with-mass-shootings.

Online Gambling Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Online Gambling - Term Paper Example Utilitarian theory is divided into several forms; act, rule, negative and preference utilitarianism. All these types of utilitarian theory were used to explain the actions of individual’s morals in the society (Pettit, 1993). In the case of online gambling, utilitarian theory would support the action if the outcome of the gambling process will yield greatest happiness to the participants (Harris, 2002). In this case the benefit would be financial; it disregards the laws of the land when it comes to gambling rules. If the participant get maximum utility in their actions then that would be considered as morally right. As much as utilitarian theory focuses on utility there are some objections and difficulties in justifying the benefit generated by an action, firstly there is a difficulty in measuring the degree of pleasure or happiness, secondly it disregards the opinions of the majority, thirdly it neglects the motives and intentions of the actions and finally it gives emphasis on pleasure and disregards the impact of the action on the participants (Brandt, 1992). Kantian theory is also known as deontology theory, it states that persons are obliged to act or behave in a certain manner regardless of the outcome or results (Blackburn, 2001). According to Kant some actions are considered as morally wrong even if they give a positive outcome, the outcome is judged separately from the action i.e. deontologists do not equate the right from a good outcome. The will to act determines the moral worth of an action and is the only thing that can be said to be good without qualification. Good will is the action done in accordance with the moral duty or law. These moral categories are referred to as imperatives and are divided into the following types; Using reasoning and application of this principle we can identify if an action is morally permissible. For instance an action like online gambling could be taken as good. Imagining a scenario

Immigration in UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Immigration in UK - Essay Example This essay discusses that the level of immigration has risen considerably during the past 30 years: United Nation’s estimations of amount of individuals residing outside their own country go beyond 250 million. Yet the striking thing regarding these figures is not the number of individuals wanted to reside in a different country, â€Å"but how few†. Just a tiny fraction of the world's inhabitants migrates in any single year, mainly in their own countries. Global immigrants account now for merely about 3.5 percent of the world’s entire population. In addition, immigration is provisional in most cases. Until the year 1992, there was a â€Å"net outflow of immigrants from Britain†. Between the year 1992 and 2007 this drift upturned with an average net global migration of more or less 60,000 per year. It has increased quickly from 2005 to arrive at a maximum of 350 thousand during the year 2004. Net immigration during 2010 was 255 thousand. Population projecti ons imply that immigration is - and will carry on to be - a significant component of UK population alteration. Net immigration in the UK equals to more than half - that is 53 percent - of the entire population growth during the year 2007 in comparison with 62 percent during the year 2006 and 79 percent during the year 2001. The drift towards increased immigration is frequent to the majority of urbanized nations. In fact, regardless of current high degrees of immigration, the amount of the UK population born abroad is lesser than in several other nations. The UK has a lesser share of immigrants within its entire population (10.1 percent) in comparison to several other nations together with Australia (27.6 percent), Canada (21.3 percent), Germany (19.6 percent) and United States of America (14.1 percent). There are a number of explanations for the rise in immigration, together with financial issues, huge as well as continual variations in living patterns across nations, provincial fin ancial combination along with rising political unsteadiness all over the world. The previous two decades have as well witness the materialization of a migration market for expertise. â€Å"At the same time there has been a growth in demand for lower skilled migrants in countries - including the UK - with high economic performance, increased educational standards and ageing populations† (Stalker, 2008, p. 121). Even prior to European Union development, migration streams from Eastern Europe had risen subsequent to the descend of the Berlin Wall during the year 1989. The 1990s as well observed a considerable raise in the amount of shelter seekers. More lately, there have been major inflows of overseas learners coming to pursue education at British universities, and of immigrants moving to connect with their family units within the UK. Methods, which have been initiated to manage immigration, are mostly successful. A large number of individuals around the globe act in

Violent Media with Parental Involement is Better Than Without It Essay

Violent Media with Parental Involement is Better Than Without It - Essay Example main contention is that violent media helps children master their rage, develop confidence and enables them to handle their personal and family problems effectively. Jones believes that the present day society is too afraid of rage and violence and aims to suppress it in the same manner as the Victorian society once suppressed sexuality. He further argues that violence and sexuality are natural inst in humans and it is wrong to suppress them. Jones also emphasizes that stifling such human emotions will ultimately hamper the development of children’s identifies. I agree with Jones’ contention that violent media can be positively used to help children understand and control their rage, if there is parental or adult involvement, but I oppose his belief that trashy aspects of pop culture have developmental functions, especially since his logic suffers from the fallacies of post hoc, overgeneralization and slippery slope. The claim of Jones that violent media can be used as a tool for children to understand and control their rage, depending on their circumstances, is founded on sound reasoning. Research evidence suggests that children who are products of broken and dysfunctional families, especially boys, tend to develop anti-social and aggressive attitudes and behaviors in the later stages of their lives (Kimm and Kim). Violent media in such situations can be used as a form of therapy, as long as children receive parental or adult supervision as well as guidance from psychologists or counselors. Jones’ statement that â€Å"At its most fundamental level, what we call ‘creative violence’ †¦ gives children a tool to master their rage,† is credible to some extent. If a child watches violence under the supervision of a responsible adult, the latter may be able to explain the reason for the violence, which will offer the child an insight into when violence is justified and when not. Similarly, when a negative result entails from enraged behavior on the screen,

Espn Is The Leader In Sports News Media Essay

Espn Is The Leader In Sports News Media Essay ESPN is the leader in sports news and entertainment across the globe, providing the most comprehensive coverage of sports and the events occurring around them. ESPN dominates the sports and sports news genre of the cable network with a total of six different channels to choose from, and their flagship program Sportscenter, which averages up to 115 million viewers a month (ESPN Corporate). ESPN also dominates the sports world online, with ESPN.com capturing 30 percent of all minutes spent on sports websites in 2010 and introducing five local ESPN web pages to major cities across the United States. Although ESPN has dominated the sports world in terms of news, analysis, and coverage of current events, they still have not claimed dominance concerning historical data. In 2009, ESPN unveiled their solution to this lack of leadership by introducing ESPNDB. ESPNDB is an acronym for Entertain and Sports Programming Network Database. ESPN took it upon themselves to combine archived and current data, articles, and media and create a specialized database for this collection. This specialized database was then made accessible to the largest network available, the World Wide Web. This is not only a collaboration of a database with a network, but the database itself is a collaboration of text, video, and audio. The database sets itself apart from other databases in similar fields not only through its collaboration of text, video, and audio, but its accurate and certifiable information. Web based databases such as Wikipedia, let users add information to their database. This interaction can be useful but also harmful. It was noted in a study by Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery determined that 11 percent of Wikipedia articles have been vandalized at some point in their life (Potash). ESPNDB uses information that is certified by its experts to ensure that all information presented in their database is accurate and verifiable. This accuracy attracts the average sports fan that is searching for information to utilized ESPNDB rather than taking their chance with information from a database with a history of questionable information posted as valid facts. Although ESPNDB was not created to allow any common individual add information to the database, which ensures its accuracy, it still was designed to be an interactive tool. The database was built to allow users an opportunity to post their thoughts, opinions, and their counter arguments to any statistics, videos, audio files, or columns posted in the database. This interactive section of ESPNDB allows the experts to review any disputed information, and search for the most accurate response possible. The creation of ESPNDB was a milestone for the ESPN company. ESPN brought their resources together to create a comprehensive, certifiable, and interactive database. This database, with proper time and focus put into updating and inserting new information topics, has the possibility to become the one and only sports database any sports fan or individual may every need to use. The rise of a two-click solution for finding sports information online via a search on Google and then a click-through to Wikipedia cannot be understated as an impetus for ESPNDB (Goetzl). ESPNDB is potentially a web based database that could have the power to overtake other websites, such as SI Vault, and become the most valuable tool for journalists, bloggers, and other types of sports reporters across the nation, perhaps someday the world. The only thing that could stop ESPNDB from becoming the dominant force of all sports based databases across the internet is itself. As stated, ESPNDB is undoubtedly the most comprehensive sports database available. Not only does ESPNDB cover a topic by providing current statistics, statistics from the recent past, and historical statistics, but ESPNDB digs deeper into topics than any database has before. With ESPNs vast collection of archived video analysis and interviews, archived audio files of both analysis and interviews as well as actual game casts, and their vast collection of images ranging from the most historic events in sporting history to images of players warming up in the bull pen, the database compiles every possible resource ESPN offers that relates to the topic and includes that resource in the database. This complexity of the ESPN database is a timely and exhausting process that has limited the production of the database, thus creating ESPNDBs major boundary of their own thoroughness. The same item that is a boundary to ESPNDB is the same item that makes this database such an important and useful asset to its users. This database allows any user of the internet the access to the immense collection of information that ESPN has to offer on particular topics. The average sports fan can benefit from this database by relying on its accurate information while researching a topic, but also see what commentators, columnists, and experts in that particular field had to say about the topic beyond just the statistical numbers. Journalists, bloggers and other sports writers now have an information database to retrieve data from when researching for articles and columns that they do not have to question and can rely upon. Also, they will have the capabilities of seeing what their colleagues have said about that particular topic in the past with the collaboration of media types in the ESPN database. Also, the common sports fan will be able to use the database to understand the basis and history behind particular sports or sporting events in a more useful manner. It was written that understanding new topics has become problematic with the increasing bits of information accumulating in every field of knowledge making comprehensive understanding difficult if not impossible to achieveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦we must depend more and more on specialists (Finn). ESPNDB will offer that average fan an in-depth look at the history of sporting events with explanations and analysis from specialist and experts across the sporting world. This new, easy to access, understandable and comprehensible information database is a valuable asset to ESPN because it will peak the interest of the common fan, which will in turn promote the ESPN family as a whole. ESPNDB being introduced to the sports database world through the network of the internet has allowed the possibility of ESPN becoming the most valuable asset to any individual, professional or amateur, researching a sports topic. Its interactive nature and collaboration of media with text, and certifiable information make it different from all databases surrounding it, and put ESPNDB at the forefront of the sports database world. History Ever since ESPNs humble beginnings in 1979, they have continually had great success and prosperity within the sports world. As of 2010, ESPN had over one hundred million subscribers in the U.S. alone along with more than six thousand employees. Also, they own over fifty television channels, featuring almost every sport imaginable, and they have a global presence, as they have viewers in all seven continents. If that was not enough, ESPN airs hundreds of radio shows, has multiple website links, and even has its own magazine (ESPN Perspective). Even though ESPN already has its name staked to many things, they decided to expand their horizons to a whole new level when in 2009 they created ESPNDB. This database was created by ESPN editors to try and accompany and enhance ESPNs presence within the global sporting world. In order to stay up to date with Wikipedia and other sports websites, ESPNDB knew that they had to create a database that they could place onto the internet. They needed s omewhere, where they could place all of their historical data and information without it interfering with their current website; ESPNDB can be found through ESPNs search tab, but it also comes up as a separate website when using a search engine. They began testing the waters by placing information regarding only the NFL draft and NBA finals on the website. Many everyday users commented on the effectiveness of the website, most notably regarding their struggle in navigating and finding information time efficiently in the website. These comments hurt the credibility of the nationally recognized organization and led ESPN to begin by doing revisions and changes that are still being done to this date. At the current time, ESPNDB is still a work in progress website and only contains the two parts mentioned above. Editors and programmers are working hard to build a system that can one day hold its own with regards to sports data. With the aid of advertising and social networking websites, along with the needed attention from the ESPN staff, ESPNDB has the potential to take over the sports database world and become a strong supporting website. As EPSNDB began their website, they had multiple contributions from their own affiliate, ESPN. To begin with, probably the biggest advantage that ESPNDB has is that it has its name associated directly with the biggest name in sports media. While it would be easy to take this fact for granted and forget about it, this may actually be what makes or breaks ESPNDB. As long as ESPN continues to provide reliable information and has such a large presence globally, ESPNDB has an improved chance of having a respected and well received website. Instead of taking months or even years to get started and have a strong viewing community, ESPNDB should be able to start off with many viewers who will check out its website, because they have heard its name through the ESPN grapevine of fans. Having its name staked with ESPN, should also help bring advertisers that will help ensure the profitability and success of ESPNDB. Knowing that ESPN has helped companies advertise with success, many companies wi ll be willing to sacrifice their advertising dollars on a relatively new website. ESPN brings well trained and qualified professionals to help build and upkeep the ESPNDB website. Since many of these professionals have helped with the design of ESPN, ESPNDB will be lucky because their content will be thoroughly fact-checked and will come from professionals (Beutler 1). The development of this website is unlike many others, because ESPNDB will have the ability to use the past experiences and hardships of ESPN to better shape their website. ESPNs website designers will know what works well together and what does not, without having to go through all of the trial and error to figure it out. The ESPNDB can pick and choose what they like from ESPN, including features like the visual appearance, the social networking interaction, and the account signup, to give them an edge over many websites that are forced to start from nothing. ESPNs contributions to ESPNDB cannot be expressed with wor ds, as their nationally known name will have a strong positive effect on the future of ESPNDB. While ESPN had a strong role in contributing to ESPNDB, it would also be beneficial to look at some of the limitations that ESPN has and the ways that ESPNDB will seek to fix them. One clear negative to ESPNs website is their lack of historical data. When searching throughout their website, it is evident that information is only recorded back to 2002. While for the average sports fan this amount of information is acceptable, it would be more beneficial to all sports fans and bloggers if there was a way that they could access data dating back to the start of each professional sport. Therefore, EPSNDB plans to use their industry-best Stats and Information Group to provide fans with information dating back to the beginnings of every major sport (Beutler). While this idea has not been put into play yet, it is the hope and plan of ESPNDB to be the leader in providing quality data dating back many years. Also, ESPN lacks the in depth coverage of certain players, teams, coaches, and games t hat is necessary to dominant the competing companies. ESPN does have statistics on these but does not go into enough detail with them. ESPNDB will provide ways to compare players, teams, and coaches so that an individual can see how their favorite player compares to another player from the present or past. ESPNDB will also give more space to remember the greatest games and moments in the past; they will provide articles, discussions, and videos. ESPN realizes that it contains limitations and therefore has created ESPNDB to give more detail and precision to the areas of historical data and more in depth player, team, coaches, and game statistics. Along with ESPN there are numerous other sports databases that have their limitations. Sports Illustrated is another big name sports website that tries to compete within the areas of professional sports. Unlike ESPN, Sports Illustrated does have a historical section that dates back to 1908. Unfortunately, this section is only limited to Major League Baseball and does not apply to every other major sport. Also, Sports Illustrated is limited in its videos, articles, and journals about certain players. Whereas ESPN has a whole page with multiple links dedicated to each player, Sports Illustrated only has one single page that contains statistics of each season and game played, as it pertains to that individual player. Similar to ESPN, Sports Illustrated does not give any space on its website to talk about individual coaches and specific games or playoffs. This is a huge hole that can be filled by ESPNDB. Finally, Sports Illustrated has a limitation in that it gives information on a large number of professional sports, which hurts them in their ability to relate a lot of information about each sport. Sports Illustrated prides itself on offering a wide variety of information but not necessary a large quantity of it. Therefore, ESPNDB will have the benefit of focusing on just a few major sports and having an enormous and detailed amount of information for each one. Like ESPN, Sports Illustrated has a few weaknesses pertaining to their historical and detailed information of players, coaches, and games, along with their small amount of information relating to each sport. SportsDatabase.com is the second website that an individual comes upon, when searching for sports databases through the Google search engine. Sportsdatabase.com is unlike ESPN and Sports Illustrated in that it does not have a widely known name. This is a huge disadvantage, because many times people use what they know of, instead of considering switching to a different website for their information. This website is widely used for individuals who gamble and contains trends and data that will mostly help someone as they choose who will win a game or how a player will do during a game. Consequently, the website does not contain much information that would be relevant or helpful for the average fan or writer. Sportsdatabase.com is also extremely unappealing and does not contain graphics or color that would help grab the viewers attention. This website does a poor job in the area of appearance and usability, both of which should be strong characteristics in ESPNDB. One of the largest database websites to come about in the last decade has been Wikipedia. While is not normally known for its sports information, it does contain it and should therefore be examined. The biggest limitation with Wikipedia is that it is not credible in the information that it contains, since anyone can place or edit information on the website. This is a disadvantage that EPSNDB has considered, when they decided to have professionals only input data. ESPNDB has allowed fans to comment and blog on their information and articles, but it will not allow users to alter the data. Wikipedia also does not give the option to search or compare multiple players at one time, which is a huge downside for many fans. Another limitation to Wikipedia is that it does not contain much information on its site, but rather gives links and references to go to other sites for more information. This can be time consuming and will lead to many people not taking the time to further pursue their se arch interest. State of the Art ESPNDB has created a very complex, but comprehensive database to allow any user of the internet easy access to credible information. ESPNDB will combine the far-reaching resources of ESPN with the unique output of the companys industry-best Stats Information Group to give fans an immersive experience and make use of technologies that harness the collective knowledge of the worlds sports fans (ESPNDB). Because of this vast amount of data and information combined into this database, the production has occurred relatively slowly. Currently, there are only two sections of ESPNDB. There is a NFL Draft section and a NBA Finals section. The NFL Draft section of ESPNDB provides an in-depth historical analysis of draft classes dating back to 1964, which exceeds other sports databases by a great extent. Because ESPN was not developed until 1979, there are only draft logs and statistical breakdowns of the players and teams that were involved in drafts between 1964 and 1979. Every draft since that period, however, is composed of statistics, draft logs, and analyses. The analyses provided are a combination of articles and columns, as well as audio and visual pieces. There are also feature sections of the NFL Draft section. These subsections provide direct comparisons of players as well as experts opinions and analysis of the draft choices, draft classes, and teams overall draft grade. The section also provides a draft tracker. This draft tracker provides real time coverage of each years draft. As players as selected in the draft, they are removed from the pool of prospects and placed in the selecting teams draft log, and their statistics from their college football career are posted beside their profile. The draft tracker allows ESPNDB to not only be a comprehensive historical database, but also a real time tracking device for the NFL draft. The NFL Draft section also allows the common individual without any prior knowledge of the NFL draft to become familiarized through numerous other subsections. One of these sections is a history section, which provides a brief history of the drafts inception and the reason for its creation. There are also subsections describing the format of the draft, eligibility requirements of the draft, and the supplemental draft. Besides the countless sections, each filled with data and media beyond the means of any other sports database, there is a discussion board connected to the NFL Draft section. This discussion board allows experts and fans to interact, making ESPNDB not only the most broad and informative database in the sports genre, but also an interactive database. The discussion board allows fans to post questions and comments, giving experts the chance to respond with educated and edifying answers. This interactive tool is just another reason for fans and internet users to utilize ESPNDB as their source for sports related information. The second section of ESPNDB is the NBA Finals section. This section is formatted very much like the NFL Draft section. Each NBA championship, since 1947, is broken down by year, teams involved in the championship series, coaches involved in the championship series, and players involved in the championship series. Each coach and player who was involved in that years NBA Finals is provided a profile page with their biography, historical statistics, and their statistics from their performance in the championship series. Each championship series from 1979 to present is also accompanied by media relating to the series. There are interviews with experts and players, analyses by experts, and video clips of game casts for each Finals year. There are also subsections connected to the NBA Finals section. These subsections allow users to explore the debate between experts, retired players, current players, and celebrities connected to the NBA over comparing players side by side, comparing past players with present players, comparing past teams with present teams, and comparing decades of basketball against each other. These subsections are filled with video, audio, statistics, and columns relating to these topics, and are accompanied by a discussion board giving the user the opportunity to interact and voice their thoughts and opinions about the topics. The NBA Finals section has revolutionized the way journalists, historians, and fans will retrieve information regarding the topic. This section of ESPNDB only adds to the marvel of ESPNs collaboration of resources into a deep and complex database, a database connected to the largest network in existence, thus an asset of great importance to any user. Though ESPNDB has master the art of creating databases for the sports genre concerning both the NBA Finals and NFL Draft, the database is still trumped by other sports databases in regards to other sports topics. The task of researching Michael Jordans statistics in his first NBA Finals appearance, along with what reporters who were covering the series had to say about the performance, is a simple task that could be performed in a matter of minutes with the use of ESPNDB. A task to find statistics regarding the NHL season, or MLB season, while using ESPNDB is impossible. ESPNDB is a database that concentrates on a specific topic, and digs deeper into that topic than any other sports database has before. At the same time, their horizons are very narrow while other sports databases horizons are wide but the topics lack depth. The combination of resources used in ESPNDB provides a complex and time consuming task for the developers, and as stated before, this thoroughness and complexity has proven to be the largest boundary and limitation in ESPNDBs development and expansion. Though ESPNDB is currently experiencing a stalemate in development and expansion, the possibilities for providing fans the most comprehensive interactive database available through the internet is not a distant fantasy. ESPN is a company who, since its inception, has strived to be the one network needed to for any person to gain sports knowledge or view sporting events. The companys sports broadcasts reach 93 million homes from ESPNs headquartersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ESPN.comà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦gets about 18 million unique visitors a month (Boulton). The companys constant broadcasts are filled with content covering every major sport in the states, and now reaching sports across the world. This overflow of content produced through broadcasting and updating the ESPN primary website has the potential to be redirected and become the foundations of ESPNDB expanding its horizons to cover broad topics, such as the major sports leagues as a whole, but still with the same depth, accuracy, and usefulness as their current sections. Until this stalemate has dissipated, ESPNDB focuses on the concentrated topics at hand, the NFL draft and NBA Finals. The two specified sections in ESPNDBs database are being updated as new data and new media is created and released. The 2011 NFL draft is being updated with media, statistics and columns daily, and the draft tracker for this years draft is fully functional and ready for users to take advantage of. ESPNDB offers updated content of its two extraordinarily impressive sections constantly, which subdues the wait and anticipation for the expansion of the database. Current Applications There are a few professions that will be strongly interested in using ESPNDB to further their knowledge and understanding of sports. Sports historians are one group of individuals that may find ESPNDB to be very helpful in their research. According to Education-Portal.com, sports historians must have excellent research skills, as they search for historical professional sports data. ESPNDB will be a strong aid for these employees, as it will provide faster researching for them and give them more accurate data on past professional sports athletes and coaches. Another profession that it would highly benefit to use ESPNDB would be sports journalists or columnists. By using ESPNDB, their prewriting times will decrease dramatically, as they are able to search and contrast players easier and will be assured with more confidence of their results. Above all us, EPSNDB will be of extreme importance to the average fan and blogger, as they want to locate data and discuss it with other fans. They can be assured that all of the information that they want is on the one site, rather than searching all over the internet for different sites. This is a key idea for many individuals, as time is usually in their strongest interest. ESPNDB will help in many areas no doubt, but these are individuals that it should be of the greatest importance to. People The advent of online databases has revolutionized the way our society obtains and stores information. ESPNDB has had an enormous impact on the people who avidly follow sports and seek out more information about their favorite players, teams, and coaches. Jim Noel has equated the website to a competitor with Wikipedia by stating Wikipedia has experienced tremendous growth over the last five years and we believe that we can offer a better, more definitive, more credible resource for finding facts and figures and information than anybody else (http://www.mediapost.com/publications/?fa=Articles.showArticleart_aid=104294). This statement is a bold challenge to the juggernaut that is Wikipedia. ESPNDB still lacks key features which give Wikipedia a significant edge when it comes to user interaction. Unlike Wikipedia, which allows any user to alter information contained within the site, ESPNDB only allows ESPNDB paid employees to alter the websites content. This means that while the inform ation may be one hundred percent creditable, it will lack almost instantaneous updating of information that users enjoy on Wikipedia. This is a potentially serious problem for ESPNDB because they could fall seriously behind in content, and could become financially unsound because the employees are paid, unlike Wikipedia who enjoys an almost unending amount of users willing to update information for free. This factor could significantly affect the people who use online databases because the freedom of use does not exist within the ESPN database. ESPNDB also have a long way to go in developing the type of people driven database that Wikipedia enjoys. ESPNDB is striving to get all sports fans to go to their database to get the most information about all things sports. This will be a problem however because the site only contains only around 500 pages of information. Compared to their biggest competitor which is Wikipedia this could be severely debilitating, when it comes to getting peo ple interested in using ESPNDB exclusively. The chart below shows the vast scope of ESPNDBs largest competitor. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/AR_web_all-spreads_24mar11_72_FINAL.pdf When the chart above is considered it becomes very clear that for ESPNDB to have profound effects on people they must exceed the effects of sites such as Wikipedia. They must allow people from all different countries to come together to discuss the information provided and without allowing the users the power to edit the site, and without enough information uploaded to view this it will become impossible for ESPNDB. Process While the effects of ESPNDB will be very important to many different people, the effects on the current business processes of database competitors are even more important. One profound difference between ESPNDB and its competitors is the nature of the staffing involved with the database. ESPNDB only allows paid employees to alter the information and content of the online database. This means that they will have significantly higher costs associated with running the database as opposed to user ran databases on the web. Below is a chart which shows the salaries of these employees. ( http://www.simplyhired.com/a/salary/search/q-edito+espndb/lbristol,+ct) This chart clearly shows that if ESPNDB continues to only allow employees to edit the database then the company is going to incur significant amounts of payroll expense. This means that the database will have to find a way to either offset this cost or change the way their current business process to a cheaper way of operation, such as the user input system in conjunction with volunteer fact checkers that Wikipedia subscribes to. ESPNDB does exhibit a profound difference compared to a database site such as Wikipedia. ESPNDB has chosen specialization over generalization. On a database system such as Wikipedia a user can search any topic from Barry Bonds home town to the history of the royal family. ESPNDB has chosen a different way to build their site. They have chosen to specialize in their specific area of expertise, which is the data of sports. By choosing this particular way of building, they have ensured they can concentrate on providing the best and most accurate information bas ed on their area of focus. This will allow the database to spend significantly more time on the articles they generate and maintain, than a site such as Wikipedia. This also allows the user to more effectively find the information they are seeking, because there are less unrelated articles vying for their attention within the database. Below are pictures of each databases homepage. It is obvious that a user is more likely to go to the sports article they are interested in without being distracted by random articles on the ESPNDB site. While users of Wikipedia are faced with many more unrelated articles when trying to get to the article they seek. Technology ESPNDB will have a profound effect on how different people across the world use technology to access and use sports databases. ESPNDB allows users to access and view the web databases content through cell phones, Ipads, Ipods, computers, netbooks, and interactive televisions. This ease of access using the latest technology will have profound effects upon where and how the database is used and viewed. A popular way to access the database is through social media websites. Twitter allows patrons to post links from ESPNDB to your account and link any articles on the database to your tweets. This allows any Twitter user to have instant access to information that will allow them to prove their friends wrong, or display some kernel of knowledge about their favorite team or players. Below is a perfect example of a Twitter page with linked information. As you can see from the picture above Twitter allows easy access to the ESPN database. The actual link to the database will be located in the tweet that the user posts from the database. By linking the database to their tweet the user allows any of their followers the opportunity to click on the link in the tweet, which takes them directly to the articles location within the ESPN database. This allows the use of twitter, which uses technology that almost every person has access to on the internet, to showcase users favorite sports information and opinions. Even more important to ESPNDB is the use of Facebook. Facebook is available using almost every type of web accessible technology on the market today. This means that using Facebook as an access point to ESPNDB will allow any user to view the database content using all the different technologies that Facebook currently supports. This is very important because this will allow ESPNDB to reach many more people than they would reach just using Twitter. While both social networking sites are viewed through many of the same devices the use and access of Facebook is much more prevalent. The graph below shows that not only is Facebook more popular, but also shows that different people use Facebook than people who use Twitter. ESPNDB is marketing their database toward the teenage to young adult demographic much more than the older p